Koronavirüs salgın kaynağına farklı bir bakış: domuz ve ürünleri vektör olabilir mi?

Öz

Koronavirüs küresel salgını bir zoonoz olarak tüm şiddetiyle devam ederken virüsün insan türüne geçmesine yol açan hayvan (ara konak) kesin olarak belirlenememiştir. Teknolojinin çok ileri düzeyde olduğu çağımızda güvenilirliği düşük bir PCR testi ile hastalığın tanısı konmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bir salgının tanı, tedavi ve kontrolünde izlenecek temel ilkeler yıllarca önce açıkça ortaya konmuştur. Bu prensipler temelinde salgının etyolojisinde farklı bir suş, birlikte bulunan farklı bir ajan patojen veya farklı bir bulaşma yolunun rolü göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Zoonotik enfeksiyonlarda mikrobiyal ajanı taşıyan hayvana maruziyet dışında hayvanlara yapılan aşılar ve aşı yapılan hayvanlara maruziyet durumları değerlendirilmelidir. Geçen yıllarda Çin’de ve birçok ülkede yaşanan çok sayıda domuz salgını nedeni ile ilgili hastalıklar için Çin’de yoğun biçimde aşı geliştirme çalışmaları devam etmektedir. İnsana yakın genetik yapısıyla ve yoğun sürü nüfusu ile domuzların bu salgında vektör olabilecekleri göz önüne alınmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVİD-19
• Domuz
• Aşı
• Hastalık Vektörleri

A different vision into the coronavirus outbreak: could pigs and its products be the vectors?

Öz

The animal (intermediate host) from which spilled over human has not been yet defined while Coronavirus infection outbreak has continued with all severity. The diagnosis of the disease is done by a low-reliabled PCR test in this very high technology age. Basic principles for the diagnosis, treatment, and the control of the outbreak was presented many years ago. On the basis of those principles, the roles of a different species and a different pathogen being together or a different transmission route are considered. In addition to the exposure to the sick animals, exposures to the vaccined animals and to the vaccines applied to the animals should be evaluated in zoonotic infections. Researches of vaccine production for related diseases have continued intensely in China because of many swine infection outbreaks in China and many other countries. It should be considered that the pigs in a huge herd may be vectors for that outbreak due to the similarity with human genetics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Swine
• Vaccine
• Disease Vectors

Kaynakça

1. [1] Ye Zi-Wei, Yuan S, Yuen K-S, Fung S-Y, Chan CP and Jin D-Y. “Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses”. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16 (10), 1686-1697, 2020.
2. [2] Mortimer PP. “Five postulates for resolving outbreaks of infectious disease”. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 52, 447-451, 2003.
3. [3] Jalava K. “First respiratory transmitted food borne outbreak?”. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 226, 113490, 2020.
4. [4] Gavin L. “Coronavirus: What went wrong at German’s Gütersloh meat factory?” BBC News, (25 June 2020).
5. [5] Berkelman RL. “Human illness associated with use of veterinary vaccines”. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 407-414, 2003.
6. [6] Garg A, Ghoshal U, Patel SS, Singh DV, Arya S, Vasanth S, Pandey A, Srivastava N. “Evaluation of seven commercial RT‐PCR kits for COVID‐19 testing in pooled clinical specimens”. Journal of Medical Virology, 1–6, 2020.
7. [7] Cevik M, Bamford CGG, Ho A. “COVİD-19 pandemic- a focused review for clinicians”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26, 842-847, 2020.
8. [8] Tanyeri A. “Covid 19 şüphesiyle Yozgat Şehir Hastanesine yatırılan olgularda RT-PCR sonuçları ve Toraks BT görüntüleme özellikleri”. Ankara Medical Journal, 1, 99-114, 2021.

9. [9] Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. “A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern”. Lancet, 395 (10223), 470-473, 2020.
10. [10] Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yi P et al. “From SARS to MERS, thrusting Coronaviruses into the spotlight”. Viruses, 14(1): 59 (1-28), 2019.
11. [11] Dominique P. “Special Report: Before coronavirus, China bungled swine epidemic with secrecy”. Reuters, March 5, 2020 World News.
12. [12] Rock DL. “Challenges for African Swine Fever vaccine development- perhaps the end of the beginning”. Veterinary Microbiology, 206, 52-58, 2016.
13. [13] Grain. “New research suggests industrial livestock, not wet markets, might be origin of COVID-19”, https://grain.org/en/article/6437-new-research-suggests-industrial-livestock-not-wet-markets-might-be-origin-of-covid-19 (30 March 2020).
14. [14] Garwes DJ. The Coronaviridae, In: Stuart G., Siddell, editör, New York: Plenum Press, 1995.p.377-378, 386.
15. [15] Gerdts V, Zackhaartchouk A. “Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus other swine coronaviruses”. Veterinary Microbiology, 206, 45-51, 2017.
16. [16] Boniotti MB, Papetti A, Lavazza A, Alborali G, Sozzi E, et al. “Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and discovery of a recombinant swine enteric coronavirus”. Emerging Infectious Disease, 22 (1), 83-87, 2016.
17. [17] Cui J, Fang L, and Zheng-Li S. “Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses”. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(3): 181-192, 2019.
18. [18] Drexler JF, Corman MC, Drosten C. “Ecology, evolution and classification of bat coronaviruses in the aftermath of SARS”. Antiviral Research, 101, 45-56, 2014.
19. [19] Opriessnig T, Huang Y-W. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: Could pigs be vectors for human infections?”. Xenotransplantation, 7(2), 1-3, 2020.
20. [20] Beltran-Alcrudo D, Falco JR, Raizman E, Dietze K. “Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel”. BMC Veterinary Research, 15(1), 1-14, 2019.
21. [21] Wooldridge M, Hartnett E, Cox A, Seaman M. “Quantitative risk assessment case study: smuggled meats as disease vectors”. Revue Scientifique Et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties, 25(1), 105-117, 2006.
22. [22] Miller RS, Sweeney SJ, Slootmaker C, Grear DA, DiSalvo PA et al. “Cross-species transmission potential between wild pigs, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans: implications for disease risk management in North America”. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 7821 (1-14), 2017.
23. [23] Pappas G. “Socio-economic, industrial, and cultural parameters of pig-borne infections”. Clin. Microbial Infect, 19, 605-610, 2013.
24. [24] Wentao L, Ruben JGH, Scott PK, Ivy W, Kwonil J, Moyasar A.A, Brenda van D, Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld, Linda JS, and Berend-Jan B. “Broad receptor engagement of an emerging global coronavirus may potentiate its diverse cross-species transmissibility”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(22), E5135-E5143, 2018.
25. [25] Raymond P, Bellehumeur C, Nagarajan M, Longtin D, Ferland A et al. “Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virüs in pig meat”. Canada Journal of Veterinary Research, 81(3), 162-170, 2017.
26. [26] Mallapaty S. “Spread of deadly pig virüs in China hastens vaccine work”. Nature, 569(7754):13-14, 2019.
27. [27] Fareed J, Jeske W, Ramacciotti E. “Porcine mucosal heparin shrotage crisis! What are the options?”. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost., 25, 1-3, 2019.
28. [28] Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ. “Nano-particle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs”. Veterinary Research, 50, 90 (1-14), 2019.
29. [29] Schibo J. “Don’t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs”. Nature, 579(7799), 321, 2020.
30. [30] Pazarlı AC, Parlak Z, Ekiz T. “Covid-19 and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: similarities and differences”. Heart Lung, 49(6), 892-893, 2020.