AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ YURTTAŞLIĞI’NIN ÜÇÜNCÜ ÜLKE YURTTAŞLARI’NA YAKLAŞIMI

Öz

Avrupa Birliği‟nde üçüncü ülke yurttaşları olarak adlandırılan göçmenler, yaşadıkları üye devletlere yerleşmiş durumdadırlar. Kanuni oturma izinleri sayesinde, yurttaşlık haklarından olduğu kabul edilen, tüm sivil ve sosyal haklardan faydalanmaktadırlar. Ancak üçüncü ülke yurttaşları siyasi haklardan yoksunlardır. 17 milyondan fazla insanın, siyasi sistemlerden dışlanması, hiçbir demokratik toplumun kabul edebileceği bir durum değildir. Avrupa Birliği Yurttaşlığı‟nın, üçüncü ülke yurttaşlarına bazı siyasi haklar vererek bu olumsuz durumu düzeltebileceğine inanan akademisyenler ve göçmen temsilcileri, bu Yurttaşlığın oluşturulması fikrini çok olumlu karşılamışlardır. Ancak bu çalışmanın gösterdiği gibi, Birlik Yurttaşlığı üçüncü ülke yurttaşlarına siyasi haklar veremediği gibi, onlar için hukuki ve sosyal dışlama mekanizması olarak işleyerek yeni dışlanma kriterleri getirmiş, olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği Yurttaşlığı, üçüncü ülke yurttaşları, yerleşik bireyler, hukuki dışlanma, sosyal dışlanma

THE APPROACH OF EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP TOWARDS THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS

Öz

Immigrants, who are called as the third country nationals within the framework of the European Union, have become permanent elements of the European societies. They have legal residence permits, by the help of which they have been able to acquire full social and civil rights. However, they do not have any political rights. No democratic society can accept the exclusion of more than 17 million people from the political system as normal. Having thought that the European citizenship might correct this anomaly by giving some political rights to the third country nationals, migrants‟ representatives and academics celebrated its inauguration. However, as this study shows, the European Citizenship not only failed to bring political rights for the third country nationals, but also it deteriorated their conditions by operating as legal and social exclusion mechanisms for them

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Citizenship, Third Country Nationals, denizens, legal exclusion, social exclusion

Kaynakça

1. Altun, B. (2006). Avrupa Birliği Yurttaşlığı ve Avrupa Kimliği Tartışmaları, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset Bilimi Anabilim Dalı‟na verilen basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
2. Atikcan, Ece Ozlem (2006). Citizenship or Denizenship: The Treatment of Third Country Nationals in the European Union, Sussex European Institute, Woking Paper No.85
3. Bauböck, Rainer (1997). „Citizenship and National Identities in the European Union‟ Jean Monnet Working Papers, [Electronic Version]. Retrieved on January 15, 2007 from http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/97/97-04- .html
4. -------------------- (2004). Citizenship and Political Integration. Paper prepared for the 2nd Stockholm Workshop on Global Migration Regimes, held in June 11-12, 2004.
5. ---------------------- (2006). „Who are the Citizens of Europe?‟ [Electronic Version] Retrieved on April 30, 2006 from http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2006-12-23- baubock-en.html
6. Bhabha, Jacqueline (1999). „Belonging in Europe: citizenship and post-national rights‟ in International Science Journal, Vol.51, No.159, pp.11-23, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
7. Deloye, Yves (2000). „Exploring the Concept of European Citizenship: A Socio- Historical Approach‟ in Spiering M. and Leersen J. (eds.) Yearbook of European Studies, Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi Press.
8. D‟Oliveria, Hans Ulrich Jessurun (1993). European Citizenship: Its Meaning, Its Potential, in inJoerg Monar, Werner Ungerer and Wolfgang Wessels (eds.), The Maastricht Treaty onEuropean Union, Brussels: European Interuniversity Press.

9. Entzinger, Han (2000). The Dynamics of Integration Policies: A Multidimensional Model. In Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds.). Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. (97-117) New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Feldblum, Mariam (1998). Reconfiguring Citizenship in Western Europe. In Christian Joppke (ed.) Challenge to the Nation-State. (319-349). New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Fernandez, Christian (2003). „The Stranger Within: Union Citizenship and Third Country Nationals‟, in Bo Peterson and Erik Clark (eds.) Identity Dynamics and the Construction ofBoundaries, (161-179), Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
12. Follesdal, Andreas (1998). „Third Country Nationals as Euro-Citizens: The Case Defended‟, Arena Working Papers, No.9.
13. Geddes, Andrew (1995). „Immigrant and Ethnic Minorities and the EU‟s Democratic Deficit‟ in Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 33, No.2, pp. 197-217.
14. Giesen, Bernhard & Eder, Klaus (2003). „Introduction: European Citizenship‟ in Klaus Eder and Bernhard Giesen (eds.) European Citizenship: National Legacies and Transnational Projects, pp. 1-17. New York: Oxford University Press
15. Guiraudon, Virginie (1998). „Citizenship Rights for Non-Citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands‟, in Christian Joppke (ed.), Challenge to the Nation-State. (272-318). New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Hansen, Peo (2000). „European Citizenship‟ or Where Neoliberalism meets Ethnoculturalism: Analyzing the European Union‟s Citizenship Discourse‟ in European Societies, Vol.2 , No. 2, pp. 139-165.
17. Hansen, Randall (1998). „A European Citizenship or a Europe of citizens? Third Country Nationals in the EU‟ in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 751-769. Heywood, Andrew (1997). Politics. London: Macmillan Foundations.
18. Heywood, Andrew (1997). Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
19. Jenny, Marcelo; Zucha, Vlasta and Hofinger, Christoph (2004) „Voting Rights Support Successful Integration- a Vienna Case Study‟ in Equal Voices, Issue 12, European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC).
20. Joppke, Christian (2000). „Mobilization of Culture and the Reform of Citizenship Law: Germany and the United States‟ in Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds.). ChallengingImmigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. (145-161) New York: Oxford University Press.
21. -----------------------(2003). „Citizenship between Re- and De-Ethnicization‟. Working Paper No. 204 prepared for Russell Sage Foundation.
22. Joppke, Christian & Morawska, Ewa (2003). Integrating Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States: Policies and Practices in Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (eds.). Towards Asssimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation States. (1-35). New York: PalgraveMacmillan.
23. Koopmans, Ruud & Statham, Paul (2000a). Migration and Ethnic Relations as a Field of Political Contention: An Opportunity Structure Approach. In Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds.). Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. (13-56) New York: Oxford University Press.
24. ------------------------------------------ (2000b). Challenging the Liberal Nation-State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism and the Collective Claims-making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany. In Ruud Koopmans and Paul Statham (eds.). Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. (13-56) New York: Oxford University Press.
25. ------------------------------------------ (2003). How National Citizenship Shapes Transnationalism: Migrant and Minority Claims-making in Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands. Joppke and Ewa Morawska (eds.). Towards Asssimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation Stares. (195-239). New York: Palgrave Macmillan
26. Kostakopolou, Theodora (1998). European Citizenship as a Model of Citizenship Beyond theNation State; Possibilities and Limits, in Albert Weale and Micheal Nentwich (eds.). PoliticalTheory and the European Union, Legitimacy, Constitutional Choice and Citizenship. London: Routledge, pp. 158- 171
27. ------------------------------ (2002). „Long Term Resident Third-Country Nationals in the European Union: Normative Expectations and Institutional Openings‟ in Journal of Ethnicand Migration Studies, Vol.28, No.3, pp. 443-462.
28. Lahav, Gallya (2004). Immigration and Politics in the New Europe: Reinventing Borders, London: Cambridge University Press.
29. Prodi, Romano (1999). Speech given by Mr. Romano Prodi, Strasbourg, May 4, 1999. Alıntı Tarihi 23 Nisan 2007 http://europa.eu.int/comm/commissio ners/prodi/speeches/040599_en.html
30. Rostek, Karolina &Davies, Gareth (2006). „The Impact of Union Citizenship on National Citizenship Policies‟ in European Integration Online Papers, Vol. 10.
31. Schnapper, Dominique (1997). „The European Debate on Citizenship‟ in Daedalus, Summer 1997, Vol.126, pp. 199-221.
32. Shore, Cris (2000). Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration, London: Routledge.
33. Soysal, Yasemin (1994). Limits of Citizenship; Migrants and Postnational Membership inEurope. London: The University of Chicago Press.
34. Avrupa Birliği Anlaşması, (1993), http://europa.eu.int/en/record/mt/title2.html
35. Avrupa Toplulukları Bakanlar Konseyi, (1985). Council Resolution of 16 July 1985 on guidelines for a Community policy on migration. EurLex. Alıntı Tarihi 10 Mayıs lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:3198 Y0726(04):EN:HTML 2007
36. Avrupa Toplulukları Komisyonu (2003). „Travel Rights for Non-EU Nationals Closely Defined‟. Avrupa Birliği‟nin resmi sitesi, Alıntı Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2007 http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/freetravel/thirdcountry/fsj_freetravel_thirdco untry_ en.htm
37. Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law (1996). Merriem Webster Inc. Alıntı Tarihi 18 Nisan 2007 April 18, 2007 from http://www.m-w.com