The Effect of Inter-Firm Networking Activities in Business Incubators on Newly Founded Firms’ Survival

Öz

Business incubators are programs that aim to increase the survival rates of newly established firms through various supporting services. One of these services is networking activities. Cooperation and networking between tenant firms have significant effects on the probability of survival. In this study, the effects of networking and collaboration activities between tenants firm on firm survival is examined through the lenses of Business Development Centers (ISGEMs). As a result of the study, it is concluded that there is a significant difference between collaborating firms and non-collaborating firms in terms of their survival rates

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Business incubators, business development centers (ISGEMS), networking, survival analysis

İşletme Kuluçkalarında Firmalar Arası Ağbağlaşma Faaliyetlerinin Yeni Kurulan Firmaların Hayatta Kalabilirliği Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

İşletme kuluçkaları uygulamaları, çeşitli destekleyici hizmetler sayesinde yeni kurulan firmaların hayatta kalabilirlik oranlarını arttırmayı amaçlayan uygulamalardır. Bu hizmetlerden birisi de aracılık/ağbağlaşma faaliyetleridir. Kiracı firmalar arasındaki işbirliği ve ağbağlaşmanın, hayatta kalma olasılığı üzerinde önemli etkisi olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de de işletme kuluçkaları olarak uygulanmakta olan İş Geliştirme Merkezleri’nde (İŞGEM) kiracı firmalar arasındaki işbirliği ve ağbağlaşma faaliyetlerinin hayatta kalma üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, işbirliği içerisinde olan firmalar ile işbirliği içerisinde olmayan firmaların hayatta kalma olasılıkları arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İşletme kuluçkaları, iş geliştirme merkezleri, ağbağlaşma, hayatta kalma analizi

Kaynakça

1. Abduh, M., D’Souza, C., Quazi, A. ve Burley, H.T. (2007) “Investigating and Classifying Clients’ Satisfaction with Business Incubator Services” Managing Service Quality, 17(1): 74-91.
2. Adegbite, O. (2001) “Business Incubators and Small Enterprise Development: The Nigerian Experience” Small Business Economics, 17(3): 157-166.
3. Aernoudt, R. (2004) “Incubators: Tool for Entrepreneurship?” Small Business Economics, 23(2): 127- 135.
4. Albert, P. ve Gaynor, L. (2001) “Incubators – Growing Up, Moving Out, A Review of the Literature”, CERAM Sophia Antipolis, December 2001.
5. Allen, D.N. ve Rahman, S. (1985) “Small Business Incubators: A Positive Environment for Entrepreneurship” Journal of Small Business Management, 23(3): 12-22.
6. Al-Mubaraki, H.M., A-Karaghouli, W. ve Busler, M. (2010) “The Creation of Business Incubators in Supporting Economic Developments” European Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010), Nisan 12-13, Abu Dhabi.
7. Anavatan, A. (2011) “Zaman Bağımlı Cox Regresyonu: Genç Firmaların Hayatta Kalma Başarısı Üzerine Bir Uygulama” Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Antalya, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
8. Andersson, U., Forsgren, M. ve Holm, U. (2002) “The Strategic Impact of External Networks: Subsidiary Performance and Competence Development in the Multinational Corporation” Strategic Management Journal, 23(11): 979-996.

9. Bergek, A. ve Norrman, C. (2008) “Incubator Best Practice: A Framework” Technovation, 28(1-2): 20-28.
10. Bhabra-Remedios, R.K. ve Cornelius, B. (2003) “Cracks in the Egg: Improving Performance Measures in Business Incubator Research”, Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand 16th Annual Conference, Ekim 28-Ekim 1, Ballarat.
11. Bianchi, P. ve Bellini, N. (1991) “Public Policies for Local Networks of Innovation” Research Policy, 20(5): 487-497.
12. Birley, S. (1985) “The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process” Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1): 107-117.
13. Bollingtoft, A. ve Ulhoi, J.P. (2005) “The Networked Business Incubator – Leveraging Entrepreneurial Agency?” Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2): 265-290.
14. Brooks, O. (1986) “Economic Development through Entrepreneurship: Incubators and the Incubation Process” Economic Development Review, 4(2): 24-29.
15. Brüderl, J. ve Preisendörfer, P. (1998) “Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Businesses” Small Business Economics, 10(3): 213-225.
16. Carayannis, E.G. ve Von Zedtwitz, M. (2005) “Architecting GloCal (global–local), Real-Virtual Incubator Networks (G-RVINs) as Catalysts and Accelerators of Entrepreneurship in Transitioning and Developing Economies: Lessons Learned and Best Practices from Current Development and Business Incubation Practices” Technovation, 25(2): 95-110.
17. Chan, K.F. ve Lau, T. (2005) “Assessing Technology Incubator Programs in the Science Park: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly” Technovation, 25(10): 1215-1228.
18. Colombo, M.G. ve Delmastro, M. (2002) “How Effective are Technology Incubators? Evidence from Italy” Research Policy, 31(7): 1103-1122.
19. De Clerq, D. ve Arenius, P. (2006) “The Role of Knowledge in Business Start-up Activity” International Small Business Journal, 24(4): 339-358.
20. Dean, J., Holmes, S. ve Smith, S. (1997) “Understanding Business Networks: Evidence from the Manufacturing and Service Sectors in Australia” Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1): 78-84.
21. Demirgil, H. (2008) “Firmaların Hayatta Kalma ve Büyüme Performanslarını Belirleyen Faktörler: Göller Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Isparta, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
22. Demirgil, H., Karaöz, M., Baptista, R. ve Sungur, O. (2011) “Networking Activities and Growth of Newly Founded Firms Under Incubation”, International Conference on Global Entrepreneurship: The Latest Research on Business Creation, Ekim 6-8, ABD.
23. Dyer, J.H., ve Singh, H. (1998) “The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage” Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 660-679.
24. Freel, M.S. (2003) “Sectoral Patterns of Small Firm Innovation, Networking and Proximity” Research Policy, 32(5): 751-770.
25. Freeman, J., Carroll, G.R. ve Hannan, M.T. (1983) “The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates” American Sociological Review, 48(5): 692-710.
26. Gartner, W.B. (1985) “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation” The Academy of Management Review, 10(4): 696-706.
27. Gay, B. ve Dousset, B. (2005) “Innovation and Network Structural Dynamics: Study of the Alliance Network of a Major Sector of the Biotechnology Industry” Research Policy, 34(10): 1457-1475.
28. Göz Çekçeki, Ö. (2007), “Orantılı Hazard Modelinin Zamana Bağlı Değişkenlerle Genişletilmesi ve Çocuk Suçluluğu Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Yayınlanmamış of Organization Formation” Entrepreneurship Theory and Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
29. Granovetter, M. (1985) “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness” American Journal of Sociology, 91(3):481-510.
30. Grimaldi, R. ve Grandi, A. (2005) “Business Incubators and New Venture Creation: An Assessment of Incubating Models” Technovation, 25(2):111-121.
31. Gulati, R. (1999) “Network Location and Learning: The Influence of Network Resources and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation” Strategic Management Journal, 20(5): 397-420.
32. Hansen, E.L. (1995) “Entrepreneurial Networks and New Organization Growth” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(4): 7-19.
33. Hansen, M.T., Chesbrough, H.W., Nohria, N. ve Sull, D.N. (2000) “Networked Incubators: Hothouses of the New Economy” Harvard Business Review, 78(5):74- 84.
34. Havnes, P. ve Senneseth, K. (2001) “A Panel Study of Firm Growth among SMEs in Networks” Small Business Economics, 16(4): 293-302.
35. Johannisson, B. (1988) “Business Formation - a Network Approach” Scandinavian Journal of Management, 4(3-4):83-99.
36. Kajikawa, Y., Takeda, Y., Sakata, I. ve Matsushima, K. (2010) “Multiscale Analysis of Interfirm Networks in Regional Clusters” Technovation, 30(3): 168-180.
37. Karaöz, M. ve Albeni, M. (2011) “İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalma ve Büyüme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler: KOSGEB İş Geliştirme Merkezleri (İŞGEM) Üzerine bir Araştırma” TÜBİTAK Projesi (No: 109K139) Nihai Rapor, Isparta.
38. Karaöz, M., Albeni, M. ve Demirgil, H. (2011) “İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalmalarını Etkileyen Faktörler” Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 48(557): 59-84.
39. Kleinbaum, D.G. ve Klein, M. (2005) Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text, 2nd Edition, New York, Springer.
40. KOSGEB (2010) “Girişimcilik Destek Programı Uygulama Esasları”, UE-03/00.
41. Köseoğlu, G. (2007) “Social Capital Development among Tenant Firms and Between Tenant Firms and the Host University in Business Incubators: a Case of a Turkish Business Incubator”, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, ODTÜ.
42. Larson, A. ve Starr, J.A. (1993) “A Network Model
43. Lumpkin, J.R. ve Ireland, R.D. (1988) “Screening Practices of New Business Incubators: The Evaluation of Critical Success Factors” American Journal of Small Business, 12(4): 59-81.
44. McAdam, M. ve Marlow, S. (2007) “Building Futures of Stealing Secrets?: Entrepreneurial Cooperation and Conflict within Business Incubators” International Small Business Journal, 25(4): 361-382.
45. McAdam, M. ve Marlow, S. (2008) “A Preliminary Investigation into Networking Activities within the University Incubator” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 14(4): 219-241.
46. McAdam, M., Galbraith, B., McAdam, R. ve Humphreys, P. (2006) “Business Processes and Networks in University Incubators: A Review and Research Agendas” Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 18(5): 451-472.
47. Ostgaard, T.A. ve Birley, S. (1996) “New Venture Growth and Personal Networks” Journal of Business Research, 36(1): 37-50.
48. Owen-Smith, J., Riccaboni, M., Pammolli, F. ve Powell, W.W. (2002) “A Comparison of U. S. and European University-Industry Relations in the Life Sciences” Management Science, 48(1): 24-43.
49. Özbek, Z. (2008) “KOBİ’lerin Türk Ekonomisine Etkileri” Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, 31: 49- 57.
50. Peters, L., Rice, M. ve Sundararajan, M. (2004) “The Role of Incubators in the Entrepreneurial Process” Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1): 83-91.
51. Phan, P.H., Siegel, D.S. ve Wright, M. (2005) “Science Parks and Incubators: Observations, Synthesis and Future Research” Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2): 165-182.
52. Powell, W., Koput, K. ve Smith-Doerr, L. (1996) “Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology” Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1): 116-145.
53. Powell, W., White, D., Koput, K. ve Owen-Smith, J. (2005) “Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences” American Journal of Sociology, 110(4): 1132- 1205.
54. Riccaboni, M. ve Pammolli, M. (2002) “On Firm Growth in Networks” Research Policy, 31(8-9): 1405- 1416.
55. Rothaermel, F.T. (2001) “Complementary Assets, Strategic Alliances, and the Incumbent’s Advantage: An Empirical Study of Industry and Firm Effects in the Biopharmaceutical Industry” Research Policy, 30(8): 1235-1251.
56. Rothaermel, F.T. ve Thursby, M. (2005) “Incubator Firm Failure or Graduation? The Role of University Linkages” Research Policy, 34(7): 1076-1090.
57. Rothschild, L. ve Darr, A. (2005) “Technological Incubators and the Social Construction of Innovation Networks: An Israeli Case Study” Technovation, 25(1): 59-67.
58. Schwartz, M. ve Hornych, C. (2010) “Cooperation Patterns of Incubator Firms and the Impact of Incubator Specialization: Empirical Evidence from Germany” Technovation, 30(9): 485-495.
59. Scillitoe, J.L. ve Chakrabarti, A.K. (2010) “The Role of Incubator Interactions in Assisting New Ventures” Technovation, 30(3): 155-167.
60. Shahidi, H. (1998) “The Impact of Business Incubators in Entrepreneurial Networking: A Comparative Study of Small, High-Technology Firms” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, ABD, George Washington University.
61. Sherman, H.D. (1999) “Assessing the Intervention Effectiveness of Business Incubation Programs on New Business Start-Ups” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 4(2): 117-133.
62. Smilor, R.W. (1987) “Commercializing Technology through New Business Incubators” Research Management, 30(5): 36-41.
63. Stinchcombe, A.L. (1965) “Social Structures and Organizations” March, J.G. (ed), Handbook of Organizations, Chicago, Rand McNally, 142-193.
64. Suk, J.Y. ve Mooweon, R. (2006) “Resource Mobilization and Business Incubation: The Case of Korean Incubators” Development and Society, 35(1): 29- 46.
65. Sungur, O. (2007) “Bölgesel Ölçekte İnovasyon: NUTS 2 TR61 Düzeyi KOBİ’leri ile Yerel Paydaşların Bilgi Dinamikleri ve Ağbağları Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
66. Tötterman, H. ve Sten, J. (2005) “Start-ups, Business Incubation and Social Capital” International Small Business Journal, 23(5): 487-511.
67. UN – United Nations (2009) “Regional Profile of the Information Society in Western Asia” Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, New York.
68. Uzzi, B. (1996) “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect” American Sociological Review, 61(4): 674-698.
69. Verma, S. (2004) “Success Factors for Business Incubators: An Empirical Study on Canadian Business Incubators” Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kanada, Carleton University.
70. Winger, A. (2000) “Stimulating the Supply and Building the Capacity of New Schools and School Developers”, Recommendations for the Design and Implementation of a New Schools Incubator, Center on Reinventing Public Education, ABD.
71. Yeung, H.W. (1994) “Critical Reviews of Geographical Perspectives on Business Organisations and the Organisation of Production: Towards a Network Approach” Progress in Human Geography, 18(4): 460-490.
72. Yu, J., Middleton, M. ve Jackson, R. (2009) “Toward the Geography of Business Incubator Formation in the United States” 56th North American Regional Science Association International (RSAI) Conference, Kasım 18- 21, ABD.
73. Zaheer, A. ve Bell, G.G. (2005) “Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes and Performance” Strategic Management Journal, 26(9): 809-825.
74. Zhang, M. ve Jiang, R. (2009) “Empirical Research on Business Incubation Networking Operation and the Incubation Performance” International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII 2009), Aralık 26-27, Çin, 267-270.
75. Zhao, L. ve Aram, J.D. (1995) “Networking and Growth of Young Technology-Intensive Ventures in China” Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5): 349-370.