Avrupa Birliği (AB) pazarı, Türkiye’nin en önemli ihracat pazarlarından biridir.
Türkiye, dünya ve AB kuru incir üretiminde ve ihracatında lider ülke
konumundadır. Dış ticaretimizde önemli bir ürün olan kuru incir için AB
pazarında doğru pazarlama stratejileri geliştirilmelidir. Pazarlama stratejilerinin
geliştirilmesi öncelikle hedef pazarın tanımlanmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı, kuru incir için AB pazarının bölümlenmesi ve olası hedef
pazarların bulunması ile bunlara uygun pazarlama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi
için önerilerde bulunmaktır.
Bu çalışmada uluslararası marka tescili olan ve AB’ye ihracat yapan firmaların
kendi pazarlama stratejilerini belirleyebilecekleri varsayılmaktadır. Bu
varsayımla Ege Bölgesi’nde, gıda sektöründe en fazla uluslararası marka
tesciline sahip olan ve kuru incir üretimi ve ihracatı yapan bir firmada bir örnek
olay incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Çalışmada, nitel ve nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın
temelinde Kale ve Sudharshan’ın (1987) “Stratejik Olarak Eşdeğer Pazar Dilimi”
yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle pazar bölümleme kriterlerini ortaya çıkarmak
için söz konusu firmada kuru incirin dış satışlarından sorumlu müdür yardımcısı
ile bir görüşme yapılmış, daha sonra bu görüşme verileri betimsel analize tabi
tutulmuştur. Bu kriterler temel alınarak AB üyesi ülkeler ve bunların bölgeleri için
kümeleme analizleri yapılmış ve AB pazarı kuru incir için bölümlere ayrılmıştır.
ASKEGAARD, S. and MADSEN, T.K. (1998): “The Local and the Global:
Exploring Traits of Homogeneity and Heterogeneity in European Food
Cultures”, International Business Review, 7: 549-568.
BUZZELL, R.D. (1968): “Can You Standardize Multinational Marketing?”,
Harvard Business Review, 46 (6): 102-113.
CIA World Factbook (2005), http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications
/factbook/geos/be(fr, fi, gm, gr, hu, ei, it, lg, lh, lu, ma, nl, pl, po, lo, si, sp, sw, uk,
au, cy, ez, da, en).html#People; (27.06.05).
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. (2000): Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Fikri
Haklar Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara.
ERSOY, F. (1999): Avrupa Tek Pazarının Türk İhracatçı Firmalar Tarafından
Endüstriyel Ürünler Açısından Bölümlendirilmesi, Eskişehir, TC Anadolu
Üniversitesi Yayınları.
EUROSTAT (2005): GDP per Capita in PPS. EUROSTAT
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/
portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&scree
n=detailref&language=en&product=EU_MASTER_main_economic_indicators&r
oot=EU_MASTER_main_economic_indicators/main/overview/yearlies/B1/B11/e
b011, (29.06.05).
EUROSTAT (2005): People by age classes. EUROSTAT
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?pageid=1996,39140985&dad=portal&
schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=Yearlies_new_pop
ulation&root=Yearliesnew_population/C/C1/C11/caa15632, (29.06.05).
EUROSTAT (2001): Health Personel 2001. Health Statistics. EUROSTAT
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/extractionanonymous/evalight/EVALIGHT.jsp?A=1
&language=en&root=/theme1/regio/e, (01.07.05).
EUROSTAT (2001): Demographic Statistics. 2001. Average Population by Sex
and Age. EUROSTAT http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/extractionanonymous/evalight/EVAlight.jsp?A=1&language=en&root=/theme1/regio/demo
-r/d2avg, (01.07.05).
FRANK, R.E.; MASSY, W.F. and WIND, Y. (1972): Market Segmentation,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc.
GEORGE, D. and MALLARY, P. (2003):SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A
Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 Update, 4th ed., USA, Pearson Education.
HASSAN, S.S. and KATSANIS, L.P. (1994): HASSAN, S.S. & KAYNAK, E.
Globalization of Consumer Markets: Structures and Strategies. Binghamton:
International Business Pres.
HASSAN, S.S.; CRAFT, S. and KORTAM, W. (2003): “Understanding the New
Bases for Global Market Segmentation”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 20 (5):
446-462.
HUSZAGH, S.M.; FOX, R.J. and DAY, E. (1986): “Global Marketing: An
Empirical Investigation”, Columbia Journal of World Business, 20: 31-43.
İhracat 2002-2006 Stratejik Planı, TC Başbakanlık Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı
İhracat Genel Müdürlüğü.
JAIN, S.C. (1993): International Marketing Management, John Wiley and Sons.
KALE, S.H. and SUDHARSHAN, D. (1987): “A Strategic Approach to
International Segmentation”, International Marketing Review, 4 (2): 60-70.
KEEGAN, W.J. and SCHLEGELMILCH, B.B. (2001): Global Marketing: A
European Perspective, Financial Times Prentice Hall.
KOTLER, P. (1986). “Global Standardization-Courting Danger”, Journal of
Consumer Marketing, 3 (2): 13-15.
KOTLER, P. and ARMSTRONG, G. (2006): Principles of Marketing, New
Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
KÜÇÜKEMİROĞLU, O. (1999): “Market Segmentation by Using Consumer
Lifestyle Dimensions and Ethnocentrism: An Empirical Study”, European
Journal of Marketing, 33 (5/6): 470-487.
LEVITT, T. (1983): “The Globalization of Markets”, Harvard Business Review,
61 (3): 92-101.
LUQMANI, M., YAVAŞ, U. and QURAESHI, Z. (1994): “A Convenience-oriented
Approach to Country Segmentation: Implications for Global Marketing
Strategies”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 11 (4): 29-40.
OKTAV, M. (1994): Uluslararası Pazarlama: Kuram, İlkeler, Uygulamalar, İzmir,
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınları.
ÖZDEN, Ç. (2005): Kuru İncir Sektör Araştırması. İGEME. www.igeme.org.tr,
(29.06.05).
PETERSON, M. and MALHOTRA, N. (2000): “Country Segmentation Based on
Objective Quality-of-Life Measures”, International Marketing Review, 17 (1): 56-
73.
SHETH, J.N. (1986): “Global Markets or Global Competition?”, Journal of
Consumer Marketing, 3 (2): 9-11.
SHETH, J.N. and PARVATIYAR, A. (2001): “The Antecedents and
Consequences of Integrated Global Marketing”, International Marketing Review,
18 (1): 16-29.
STEENKAMP, J.-B.E.M. and TER HOFSTEDE, F. (2002): “International Market
Segmentation: Issues and Perspectives”, International Journal of Research in
Marketing, 19: 185-213.
UNECE (2005): Economic Survey of Europe No:1.
WIPO (2004): Member States. WIPO http://www.wipo.int/aboutwipo/en/members/member_states.html#B,
(01.07.04).
WIPO (2005): Intellectual Property Digital Library.
The European Union (EU) market is one of the most important export markets of
Turkey. Turkey is the leader country in the production and export of dried fig in
the world and in the EU. This important product requires development of right
marketing strategies in the EU market. Development of marketing strategies
firstly involves identification of the target market. The purpose of this study is
segmenting the EU market for dried fig and identifying potential target markets
as well as making recommendations for the development of suitable marketing
strategies.
It is assumed that the firms, which have an internationally registered trademark
and export to the EU, are able to set their own marketing strategies. Based on
this assumption, a case study was conducted in a firm which has the largest
number of internationally registered trademarks within the Aegean Region and
produces and exports dried fig.
Qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Basically, the
“Strategically Equivalent Segment” approach of Kale and Sudharshan (1987) is
incorporated in the study. First, an interview was made with the vice president,
who was responsible for foreign sales in the firm in question, in order to discover
the market segmentation criteria. Then, a descriptive analysis was conducted
with these interview data and cluster analyses were made for EU member
countries and their regions based on these criteria and the EU market was
segmented for the dried fig.
ASKEGAARD, S. and MADSEN, T.K. (1998): “The Local and the Global:
Exploring Traits of Homogeneity and Heterogeneity in European Food
Cultures”, International Business Review, 7: 549-568.
BUZZELL, R.D. (1968): “Can You Standardize Multinational Marketing?”,
Harvard Business Review, 46 (6): 102-113.
CIA World Factbook (2005), http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications
/factbook/geos/be(fr, fi, gm, gr, hu, ei, it, lg, lh, lu, ma, nl, pl, po, lo, si, sp, sw, uk,
au, cy, ez, da, en).html#People; (27.06.05).
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. (2000): Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Fikri
Haklar Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara.
ERSOY, F. (1999): Avrupa Tek Pazarının Türk İhracatçı Firmalar Tarafından
Endüstriyel Ürünler Açısından Bölümlendirilmesi, Eskişehir, TC Anadolu
Üniversitesi Yayınları.
EUROSTAT (2005): GDP per Capita in PPS. EUROSTAT
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/
portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&scree
n=detailref&language=en&product=EU_MASTER_main_economic_indicators&r
oot=EU_MASTER_main_economic_indicators/main/overview/yearlies/B1/B11/e
b011, (29.06.05).
EUROSTAT (2005): People by age classes. EUROSTAT
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?pageid=1996,39140985&dad=portal&
schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=Yearlies_new_pop
ulation&root=Yearliesnew_population/C/C1/C11/caa15632, (29.06.05).
EUROSTAT (2001): Health Personel 2001. Health Statistics. EUROSTAT
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/extractionanonymous/evalight/EVALIGHT.jsp?A=1
&language=en&root=/theme1/regio/e, (01.07.05).
EUROSTAT (2001): Demographic Statistics. 2001. Average Population by Sex
and Age. EUROSTAT http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/extractionanonymous/evalight/EVAlight.jsp?A=1&language=en&root=/theme1/regio/demo
-r/d2avg, (01.07.05).
FRANK, R.E.; MASSY, W.F. and WIND, Y. (1972): Market Segmentation,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc.
GEORGE, D. and MALLARY, P. (2003):SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A
Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 Update, 4th ed., USA, Pearson Education.
HASSAN, S.S. and KATSANIS, L.P. (1994): HASSAN, S.S. & KAYNAK, E.
Globalization of Consumer Markets: Structures and Strategies. Binghamton:
International Business Pres.
HASSAN, S.S.; CRAFT, S. and KORTAM, W. (2003): “Understanding the New
Bases for Global Market Segmentation”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 20 (5):
446-462.
HUSZAGH, S.M.; FOX, R.J. and DAY, E. (1986): “Global Marketing: An
Empirical Investigation”, Columbia Journal of World Business, 20: 31-43.
İhracat 2002-2006 Stratejik Planı, TC Başbakanlık Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı
İhracat Genel Müdürlüğü.
JAIN, S.C. (1993): International Marketing Management, John Wiley and Sons.
KALE, S.H. and SUDHARSHAN, D. (1987): “A Strategic Approach to
International Segmentation”, International Marketing Review, 4 (2): 60-70.
KEEGAN, W.J. and SCHLEGELMILCH, B.B. (2001): Global Marketing: A
European Perspective, Financial Times Prentice Hall.
KOTLER, P. (1986). “Global Standardization-Courting Danger”, Journal of
Consumer Marketing, 3 (2): 13-15.
KOTLER, P. and ARMSTRONG, G. (2006): Principles of Marketing, New
Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
KÜÇÜKEMİROĞLU, O. (1999): “Market Segmentation by Using Consumer
Lifestyle Dimensions and Ethnocentrism: An Empirical Study”, European
Journal of Marketing, 33 (5/6): 470-487.
LEVITT, T. (1983): “The Globalization of Markets”, Harvard Business Review,
61 (3): 92-101.
LUQMANI, M., YAVAŞ, U. and QURAESHI, Z. (1994): “A Convenience-oriented
Approach to Country Segmentation: Implications for Global Marketing
Strategies”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 11 (4): 29-40.
OKTAV, M. (1994): Uluslararası Pazarlama: Kuram, İlkeler, Uygulamalar, İzmir,
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınları.
ÖZDEN, Ç. (2005): Kuru İncir Sektör Araştırması. İGEME. www.igeme.org.tr,
(29.06.05).
PETERSON, M. and MALHOTRA, N. (2000): “Country Segmentation Based on
Objective Quality-of-Life Measures”, International Marketing Review, 17 (1): 56-
73.
SHETH, J.N. (1986): “Global Markets or Global Competition?”, Journal of
Consumer Marketing, 3 (2): 9-11.
SHETH, J.N. and PARVATIYAR, A. (2001): “The Antecedents and
Consequences of Integrated Global Marketing”, International Marketing Review,
18 (1): 16-29.
STEENKAMP, J.-B.E.M. and TER HOFSTEDE, F. (2002): “International Market
Segmentation: Issues and Perspectives”, International Journal of Research in
Marketing, 19: 185-213.
UNECE (2005): Economic Survey of Europe No:1.
WIPO (2004): Member States. WIPO http://www.wipo.int/aboutwipo/en/members/member_states.html#B,
(01.07.04).
WIPO (2005): Intellectual Property Digital Library.