Research Article
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Revenge or Forgiveness? An Equation With Multiple Variables in Organizational Setting

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 4, 591 - 603, 23.10.2018

Abstract

Human development measures the level of proThis exploratory study focuses on the concept of revenge in workplace. It attempts to understand how revenge is conceptualized by managers and employees, their revenge motives and strategies. Given the sensitivity of the subject, in-depth interview was chosen as the data collection method. Interviews were conducted with 10 people working in various positions in public and private sectors. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with the help of discourse analysis. Findings are discussed around the emerging themes (perceptions of revenge, revenge motives, revenge strategies and forgiving). The research contributes to a better understanding of the antecedents and consequences of revenge, how different positions make difference in revenge strategies and motives, and in what kind of situations and intentions lead people to forgive instead of focusing on revenge.

References

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İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 4, 591 - 603, 23.10.2018

Abstract

Çalışmada iş yaşamında intikam kavramına odaklanılmış, bireyler tarafından intikam olgusunun nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığı, hangi davranışlarla kendini gösterdiği anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Konunun hassasiyeti göz önüne alınarak, derinlemesine görüşme veri toplama yöntemi olarak seçilmiş, kamu ve özel sektörde çeşitli pozisyonlarda çalışan 10 kişiyle görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Yapılan görüşmeler bire bir transkriptlere aktarılmış ve söylem analizinden yararlanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular; oluşan temalar (intikam kavramının nasıl algılandığı, intikamı güdüleyen durumlar, intikam alma şekilleri ve affetme niyeti) çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Araştırma iş yaşamında pek çok olumsuz davranışın temeli olarak görülen intikam kavramının öncüllerinin ve sonuçlarının, çeşitli pozisyonların hem intikam alma şekillerinde hem de güdülenmede yarattığı farklılıkların, affetme niyetinin hangi durumlarda ve hangi sebeplerle ortaya çıktığının daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı vermektedir.

References

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  • Allred, K. G. (1999). Anger and Retaliation: Toward an Understanding of Impassioned Conflict in Organizations. In R.J. Bies, R.J. Lewicki, & B.H. Sheppard (Eds.) Research on negotiations in organizations. 7. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Aquino, K., Tripp, T.M., Bies, R. J. (2001). How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), Feb 2001, 52-59.
  • Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2006). Getting even or moving on? Power, procedural justice, and types of offense as predictors of revenge, forgiveness, reconciliation, and avoidance in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 653–668. Aycan, Z. (2001). Paternalistic leadership. Wiley encyclopedia of management.
  • Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism. Indigenous and cultural psychology, 445-466.
  • Ayten, A. (2009). Affedicilik ve din: affetme eğilimi ve dindarlıkla ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir araştırma.
  • Bacon, F. (1902). Of revenge. The Essays of Francis Bacon.
  • Baker, K. A. (2002). Organizational communication. Retrieved June, 7, 2009.
  • Barley, S. R., & Tolbert, P. S. (1997). Institutionalization and structuration: Studying the links between action and institution. Organization studies, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Berkman, Ü., & Özen, Ş. (2008). Culture and management in Turkey: State-dependency and paternalism in transition. Gestion en contexte interculturel: Approches, problématiques, pratiques et plongées. Québec, Presse de l’Université Laval et Télé-université (UQAM).
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  • Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M. (1996). Beyond distrust: “Getting even” and the need for revenge. In R. M. Kramer & T. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations. 246–260. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M. (2005). The Study of Revenge in the Workplace: Conceptual, Ideological and Empirical Issues. Fox, Suzy (Ed); Spector, Paul E. (Ed). Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. 65-81. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. vii.
  • Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M., & Kramer, R. M. (1997). At the breaking point: Cognitive and social dynamics of revenge in organizations. In R. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.). Antisocial behavior in organizations. 18–36. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Bradfield, M., Aquino, K. (1999). The effects of blame attributions and offender likableness on revenge and forgiveness in the workplace. Journal of Management, 2. 607–631.
  • Brose, L. A., Rye, M. S., Lutz-Zois, C., & Ross, S. R. (2005). Forgiveness and personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(1), 35-46.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2012). Affetme Arttırılabilinir mi?: Affetmeyi Geliştirme Grubu. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
  • Cameron, K., & Caza, A. (2002). Organizational and leadership virtues and the role of forgiveness. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 33-48.
  • Carson, D. J., Gilmore, A., Gronhaug, K., Perry, C. (2001). Qualitative Marketing Research. London, UK: Sage.
  • Cheng, B. S., Chou, L. F., Wu, T. Y., Huang, M. P., & Farh, J. L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 89-117.
  • Cosgrove, L., & Konstam, V. (2008). Forgiveness and forgetting: Clinical implications for mental health counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30(1), 1-13.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2015). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni, (çev. ed.) M. Bütün & S. B. Dukes, S. (1984). Phenomenological methodology in the human sciences. Journal of religion and health, 23(3), 197-203.
  • Edwards, A. L. (1957). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. Elangovan, A. R., & Shapiro, D. L. (1998). Betrayal of trust in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 547-566.
  • Enright, R. D., Gassin, E. A., & Wu, C. R. (1992). Forgiveness: A developmental view.
  • Erben, G. S. (2004). Toplumsal kültür aile kültürü etkileşimi bağlamında paternalizm boyutuyla işletme kültürü: Türkiye örneği. İçinde T. Koçel (ed.), 1, 345-356.
  • Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1986). The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(4), 629.
  • Folger, R. (1987). Reformulating the preconditions of resentment: A referent cognitions model. In J. C. Masters & W.P. Smith (Eds.). Social comparison, justice, and relative deprivation: Theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives. 183-215. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Folger, R. (1993). Reactions to mistreatment at work. In J. K. Murmighan (Ed.). Social psychology in organizations: Advances in theory and research. 161–183. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D. P. (1998). A popcorn metaphor for employee aggression.
  • Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration–aggression. Journal of organizational behavior, 20(6), 915-931.
  • Güllü, S., & Şahin, S. (2016). Antrenörlerin İntikam (Öç Alma) Davranışlarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Journal of International Social Research, 9(47).
  • Güneri-Çangarlı, B. (2016). Turkey: East of West, West of East. Omari, M., & Paull, M. (Ed.). Workplace abuse, incivility and bullying: Methodological and cultural perspectives. Routledge.
  • Hebl, J. H., & Enright, R. D. (1993). Forgiveness as a psychotherapeutic goal with elderly females. Psychotherapy-Rıver Edge-, 30, 658-658.
  • Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). UK: Sage.
  • Hollinger, R. C., Clark, J. P. (1983). Theft by Employees. Lexington Books. Lexington, MA. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. UK: Sage publications.
  • Jackson, P., Suomi, R. (2004). E-Business and Workplace Redesign. p.37. Jermier, J. M., Knights, D., Nord, W. R. (1994). Resistance and power in organizations. New York: Routledge.
  • Jones, D. A. (2009). Getting even with one’s supervisor and one’s organization: Relationships among types of injustice, desires for revenge, and counterproductive work behaviors. Journal of organizational behavior, 30(4), 525-542.
  • Jones, D. A., & Carroll, S. A. (2007). Revenge is a dish best served cold: Avengers’ accounts of calculated revenge cognitions and assessment of a proposed measure.
  • Köksal, O. (2011). Bir Kültürel Liderlik Paradoksu: Paternalizm/A Cultural Leadership Paradox: Paternalism. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15).
  • Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work And Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.
  • McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586.
  • McLean Parks, J. (1997). The Fourth Arm of Justice: The Art and Science of Revenge. In R.J. Lewicki, R.J. Bies, and B.H. Sheppard (Eds.). Research on negotiation in organizations. 6. 113-144. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Nargundkar, R. (2003). Marketing research-Text & cases 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Nayir, K. F. (2015). Öğretmen Adaylarının Öç Alma Davranışına İlişkin Görüşleri. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(11).
  • Neuman, J. H., Baron, R. A. (1997). Aggression in the workplace. In R.A. Giacalone and J. Greenberg (Eds.). Antisocial behavior in organizations. 37-67. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
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There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ceren Deniz Tatarlar 0000-0003-4936-5783

Burcu Güneri Çangarlı 0000-0003-3665-3866

Publication Date October 23, 2018
Acceptance Date July 8, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Tatarlar, C. D., & Güneri Çangarlı, B. (2018). İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem. Ege Academic Review, 18(4), 591-603.
AMA Tatarlar CD, Güneri Çangarlı B. İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem. ear. October 2018;18(4):591-603.
Chicago Tatarlar, Ceren Deniz, and Burcu Güneri Çangarlı. “İntikam Mı Affetme Mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem”. Ege Academic Review 18, no. 4 (October 2018): 591-603.
EndNote Tatarlar CD, Güneri Çangarlı B (October 1, 2018) İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem. Ege Academic Review 18 4 591–603.
IEEE C. D. Tatarlar and B. Güneri Çangarlı, “İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem”, ear, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 591–603, 2018.
ISNAD Tatarlar, Ceren Deniz - Güneri Çangarlı, Burcu. “İntikam Mı Affetme Mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem”. Ege Academic Review 18/4 (October 2018), 591-603.
JAMA Tatarlar CD, Güneri Çangarlı B. İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem. ear. 2018;18:591–603.
MLA Tatarlar, Ceren Deniz and Burcu Güneri Çangarlı. “İntikam Mı Affetme Mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 18, no. 4, 2018, pp. 591-03.
Vancouver Tatarlar CD, Güneri Çangarlı B. İntikam mı Affetme mi? Örgütsel Yaşamda Çok Bilinmeyenli Bir Denklem. ear. 2018;18(4):591-603.