The Relationship Between International Migration Flows and International Trade: An Application for Turkey

Öz

International economics literature shows that the migration flows among two countries also increases the bilateral trade flows. There are two main reasons of these: Firstly, the migrants establish business and social networks in the host country and thereby lower the transaction costs. Secondly, the migrants’ preferences for home country products tends to increase the trade flows. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between international labor movements and international trade for the Turkish case. However, this study does not analyze the effects of migration on trade flows, but it focuses on the effects of migration on intra-industry trade. The reason is that, migration flows might have different effects on different product groups. This study includes the 20 countries which host the majority of the Turkish migrants and covers the 1985-2010 period. The findings of the study reveal that, international labor movements decrease the intra-industry trade index of Turkey, and this finding doesn’t support the theoretical expectations

Anahtar Kelimeler

• International migration, intra-industry trade, Turkey

Uluslararası Emek Göçü Ve Dış Ticaret Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama

Öz

Uluslararası iktisat literatürü, iki ülke arasındaki göç akımlarının bu ülkelerin ticaret hacimlerini de arttırdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bunun iki temel sebebi bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan birincisi, göçmenlerin gittikleri ülkede iş ağları ve sosyal ağlar kurarak işlem maliyetlerini azaltmasıdır. İkinci olarak, göçmenlerin kendi ülkelerinden alışkın oldukları malları tüketme eğilimininde olmaları, ticareti arttırıcı yönde sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, uluslararası göç akımları ve dış ticaret arasındaki ilişkinin Türkiye için araştırılmasıdır. Ancak bu çalışmada göç akımlarının toplam dış ticaret üzerindeki değil, endüstri-içi ticaret üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Bunun sebebi, emek göçünün farklı mal gruplarının dış ticaretini farklı şekilde etkileyebilecek olmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’den göç akımının olduğu seçilmiş 20 ülke için 1985-2010 dönemine ait veri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, teorik beklentilerin aksine Türkiye örneğinde göç akımlarının endüstri-içi ticareti azalttığını göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası göç, endüstri-içi ticaret, Türkiye

Kaynakça

1. Avcı, G. (2006) “Comparing Integration Policies and Outcomes: Turks in the Netherlands and Germany” Turkish Studies, 7(1):67-84.
2. Balassa, B. (1986) “Determinants of Intra-industry Specialization in United States Trade” Oxford Economic Papers, 38(2):220-233.
3. Blanes, J.V. (2005) “Does Immigration Help to Explain Intra-industry Trade? Evidence for Spain” Review of World Economics, 141(2): 244-270.
4. Blanes, J.V. ve J.A.M. Montaner (2004) “Migration Flows and Trade Adjustments: The Spanish Case” I Jornadas Sobre Integración Económica - Grupo De Integración Económica (INTECO), Universitat Jaume I - Castellón: 10-12.
5. Blanes, J.V. ve J.A.M. Montaner (2006) “Migration Flows and Intra-Industry Trade Adjustments” Review of World Economics, 142(3): 567-584.
6. Borjas, G. J. (1989) “Economic Theory and International Migration” International Migration Review, 23(3): 457-485.
7. Buzdağlı, Ö. ve Kızıltan, A. (2011) “Göç-Ticaret İlişkisi: Türkiye’nin Tüketim Malı İhracatı Üzerine Bir Uygulama” Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4): 65-75.
8. Carbaugh, R.J. (2007) “Is International Trade a Substitute for Migration?” Global Economy Journal, 7(3): 1-13.

9. Faustino, H. ve N. Leitao (2008) “Using the Gravity Equation to Explain the Portuguese Immigration- trade Link” Working Papers 2008/12, Department of Economics at the School of Economics and Management (ISEG), Technical University of Lisbon.
10. Faustino, H ve Proenca, I. (2011) “Effects of Immigration on Intra-Industry Trade: A Logit Analysis” Department of Economics at the School of Economics and Management (ISEG), Technical University of Lisbon, Working Papers No:2011/19.
11. Felbermayr, G.J. ve Toubal, F. (2012) “Revisiting the Trade-Migration Nexus: Evidence from New OECD Data” World Development, 40(5): 928-937.
12. Genç, M., Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P. ve Poot, J. (2011) “The Impact of Immigration on International Trade: A Meta-Analysis” Norface Research Programme on Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, Norface Discussion Paper Series 2011020.
13. Gould, D.M. (1994) “Immigrant Links to the Home Country: Empirical Implications for U.S. Bilateral Trade Flows” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2): 302-316.
14. Grubel, H.G. ve Lloyd, P.J.(1975) Intra-Industry Trade: The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products, London: John Wiley & Sons.
15. Head, K. ve Ries, J. (1998) “Immigration and Trade Creation: Econometric Evidence from Canada” The Canadian Journal of Economics, 31(1): 47-62.
16. Heston, A., Summers, R. ve Aten, B. (2012) Penn World Tables Version 4.0, Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania.
17. Ironzo, S. ve Peri, G. (2009) “Migration and Trade: Theory with an Application to the Eastern-Western European Integration” Journal of International Economics, 79: 1-19.
18. Karagöz, K. (2011) “Göç-Ticaret İlişkisi: Panel Çekim Modeli” Sosyoekonomi, 3: 55-68.
19. Leitao, N.C. (2013) “The Impact of Immigration on Portuguese Intra-Industry Trade” Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Papers No:201320.
20. Martin, P. (2002) “Economic Integration and Migration: The Mexico-US Case” Paper presented in WIDER Conference on Poverty, International Migration and Asylum, Helsinki, September 27-28.
21. Massey, D.S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A. ve Taylor, J.E (1993) “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal” Population and Development Review, 19(3): 431-466.
22. Mayer, T. ve Zignago, S.(2011) “Notes on CEPII’s Distances Measures: The GeoDist Database” CEPII Working Paper No:2011- 25.
23. Mundell, R.A. (1957) “International Trade and Factor Mobility” The American Economic Review, 47(3): 321-335.
24. OECD (2013) StatExtracts Veri Tabanı. http://stats. oecd.org, ( 20.05.2013).
25. Rauch, J.E. (1999) “Networks versus Markets in International Trade” Journal of International Economics, 48(1): 7-35.
26. Rauch, J.E. ve Trindade, V. (2002) “Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1): 116-130.
27. Stiglitz, J.E. (1987) “The Causes and Consequences of the Dependence of Quality on Price” Journal of Economic Literature, 25(1): 1-48.
28. Tai, S.H.T. (2009) “Market Structure and the Link Between Migration and Trade” Review of World Economics, 145: 225-249.
29. Tinbergen, J. (1962) Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, New York, The Twentieth Century Fund.
30. TÜİK (2013) http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/ menu.zul, (20.05.2013).
31. United Nations (2013) Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision.
32. White, R. (2007) “An Examination of the Danish Immigrant-Trade Link” International Migration, 45(5): 61-86.
33. White, R. (2008) “Exploring a US Immigrant-Intra- Industry Trade Link” Eastern Economic Journal, 34: 252- 262.