Küresel değer zincirlerine ileriye doğru katılım
düzeyi başka ülkelerin ihracatında yerel katma
değer ile varlık gösterilmesi olarak ifade edilirken
geriye doğru katılım düzeyi ise başka ülkelerin
ilgili ülkenin ihracatında yerel katma değerleriyle
varlık göstermesi olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu
noktadan hareketle, yaygın olarak kullanılan küresel
değer zincirlerine katılım endeksleri, küresel değer
zincirlerinin alt zincirleri sayılabilecek ihracat değer
zincirlerindeki yerel ve yabancı katma değerin
rekabetini ifade etmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, ampirik
analizlere dahil edilen küresel değer zincirlerine
katılım indekslerinin paydalarında brüt ihracata ek
olarak GSYH ve katma değer ihracatı da kullanılmıştır.
Bu farklı endekslerle ihracat değer zincirlerindeki
yerel ve yabancı katma değer rekabetinin toplam
faktör verimliliği üzerindeki etkileri dinamik panel
veri modeli kullanılarak 1995-2014 yılları için tahmin
edilmiştir. Veri setini ülke gruplarına göre ayırmadan
yaptığımız tahminde, ileriye doğru katılımın
toplam faktör verimliliği üzerindeki anlamlı pozitif
etkisini ve geriye doğru katılımın da anlamlı negatif
etkisini gösterdik. Veri setini gelir düzeyine göre
ayırdığımızda, gelişmiş ülkeler için hem geriye hem
de ileriye doğru katılımın pozitif etkisini tahmin ettik.
Özellikle vurgulanması gereken bir bulgu olarak da,
gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ihracat değer zincirlerine
gerek geriye gerekse ileriye doğru katılımlarının
verimlilik artışı üzerinde olumlu bir etkisini tahmin
etmedik.
Baum, C. F. M. E. Schaffer and S. Stillman (2007).
“Enhanced Routines for Instrumental Variables/
Generalized Method of Moments Estimation and
Testing”, Stata Journal, 7(4), 465-506.
Baum, C. F., M. E. Schaffer and S. Stillman (2003). “Instrumental
Variables and GMM:Estimation and Testing”,
Stata Journal, 3, 1–31.
Center for Systemic Peace (2016) “Polity IV Project:
Regime Authority Characteristics and Transitions
Datasets”. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.
html (04.10.2016).
Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R ve Timmer, M.P. (2015) “The
Next Generation of the Penn World Table” American
Economic Review, 105(10): 3150-3182. http://www.
rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/ (04.10.2016)
Foster-Mcgregor, N. ve Stehrer, R. (2013) “Value Added
Content of Trade: A Comprehensive Approach”
Economics Letters, 120(2): 354-357.
Gereffi, G. (1994) “The organization of buyer-driven
global commodity chains: How U.S. retailers shape
overseas production networks” Gereffi, G. ve Korzeniewicz,
M. (eds.) Commodity Chains and Global
Capitalism, Westport (Connecticut), Praeger.
Gereffi, G. ve Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016) “Global Value
Chain Analysis: A Primer (Second Edition)” Center
on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness,
Duke University. http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/
Duke_CGGC_Global_Value_Chain_GVC_Analysis_
Primer_2nd_Ed_2016.pdf (09.12.2016).
Hopkins, T.K. ve Wallerstein, I. (1986) “Commodity
Chains in the World-Economy Prior to 1800” Review,
10(1): 157-70.
Johnson, R.C. ve Noguera, G. (2012a) “Proximity and
Production Fragmentation” American Economic
Review: Papers & Proceedings, 102(3): 407–411.
Johnson, R.C. ve Noguera, G. (2012b) “Accounting for
Intermediates: Production Sharing and Trade in
Value Added” Journal of International Economics, 86
(2): 224–236.
Johnson, R.C. ve Noguera, G. (2012c) “Fragmentation
and Trade in Value Added over Four Decades” NBER
Working Paper No: 18186.
Koopman, R., Powers, W., Wang, Z. ve Wei, S.J. (2010)
“Give Credit Where Credit Is Due: Tracing Value
Added in Global Production Chains” NBER Working
Paper No: 16426.
Koopman, R., Wang, Zhi. ve Wei, S.J. (2012) “Estimating
Domestic Content in Exports When Processing
Trade is Pervasive” Journal of Development Economics,
99 (1): 178-189.
Koopman, R., Wang, Zhi. ve Wei, S.J. (2014) “Tracing Value-
Added and Double Counting in Gross Exports”
American Economic Review, 104(2): 459-494.
Kowalski, P., Gonzalez, J.L., Ragoussis, A. ve Ugarte, C.
(2015), “Participation of Developing Countries in
Global Value Chains: Implications for Trade and
Trade-Related Policies” OECD Trade Policy Papers
No: 179. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-
en)
Ma, H., Wang, Z. ve Zhu, K. (2015) “Domestic Content in
China’s Exports and Its Distribution by Firm Ownership”
Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(1): 3–18.
OECD (2015) “OECD Technical Workshop on Foreign
Direct Investment and Global Value Chains”. http://
www.oecd.org/std/its/oecd-technical-worshopon-
foreign-direct-investment-and-global-valuechains-
19-october-2015-paris.htm (15.11.2016).
OECD-WTO (2012) “Trade in Value Added: Concepts,
Methodologies and Challenges (Joint OECD-WTO
Note)”. http://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/49894138.pdf
(10.11.2016).
OECD-WTO (2016) “OECD-WTO: Statistics on Trade
in Value Added”. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-
00648-en (14.11.2016).
Porter, M. E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and
Sustaining Superior Performance, London, Collier
Macmillan (2nd edn. (1998) New York and London,
Free Press)
Stehrer, R., Foster-Mcgregor, N. ve de Vries, G. (2012)
“Value Added and Factors in Trade: A Comprehensive
Approach” wiiw Working Paper No: 80.
Trefler, D. ve Zhu, S.C. (2010) “The Structure of Factor
Content Predictions” Journal of International Economics,
82(2): 195–207.
UNCTAD (2013), “World Investment Report: Global Value
Chains: Investment and Trade for Development”,
Switzerland, UN Publications
UNCTAD (2016) “United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development Statistics Database”. http://
unctadstat.unctad.org (25.10.2016).
Wang, Z., Wei, S.J. ve Zhu, K. (2013) “Quantifying International
Production Sharing at The Bilateral and
Sector Levels” NBER Working Paper No: 19677.
World Bank (2016) “World Development Indicators
(version date: 14 October, 2016)”. http://data.worldbank.
org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
(13.11.2016).
Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth
The level of forward participation in global value
chains is expressed as the presence of domestic value
added in the exports of other countries while the
level of backward participation in global value chains
is expressed as the presence of the foreign value
added came from other countries in the exports of
the domestic country. In this study, in addition to the
gross exports, GDP and exports of value added are
used as denominators in the participation indices in
the empirical analysis. Thus, the impacts of domestic
and foreign value added in the export value chains
on the total factor productivity growth are estimated
for the years between 1995 and 2014 by using the
dynamic panel data techniques. Our estimation
results from the full sample indicate that although
higher backward participation reduces TFP growth,
higher forward participation raises TFP growth for
the full sample. We also find the significant positive
results for backward and forward participation only
for developed countries. Thus, our results mainly
imply that developing countries do not able to
benefit from participating in export value chains
either backwardly or forwardly.
Baum, C. F. M. E. Schaffer and S. Stillman (2007).
“Enhanced Routines for Instrumental Variables/
Generalized Method of Moments Estimation and
Testing”, Stata Journal, 7(4), 465-506.
Baum, C. F., M. E. Schaffer and S. Stillman (2003). “Instrumental
Variables and GMM:Estimation and Testing”,
Stata Journal, 3, 1–31.
Center for Systemic Peace (2016) “Polity IV Project:
Regime Authority Characteristics and Transitions
Datasets”. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.
html (04.10.2016).
Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R ve Timmer, M.P. (2015) “The
Next Generation of the Penn World Table” American
Economic Review, 105(10): 3150-3182. http://www.
rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/ (04.10.2016)
Foster-Mcgregor, N. ve Stehrer, R. (2013) “Value Added
Content of Trade: A Comprehensive Approach”
Economics Letters, 120(2): 354-357.
Gereffi, G. (1994) “The organization of buyer-driven
global commodity chains: How U.S. retailers shape
overseas production networks” Gereffi, G. ve Korzeniewicz,
M. (eds.) Commodity Chains and Global
Capitalism, Westport (Connecticut), Praeger.
Gereffi, G. ve Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016) “Global Value
Chain Analysis: A Primer (Second Edition)” Center
on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness,
Duke University. http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/
Duke_CGGC_Global_Value_Chain_GVC_Analysis_
Primer_2nd_Ed_2016.pdf (09.12.2016).
Hopkins, T.K. ve Wallerstein, I. (1986) “Commodity
Chains in the World-Economy Prior to 1800” Review,
10(1): 157-70.
Johnson, R.C. ve Noguera, G. (2012a) “Proximity and
Production Fragmentation” American Economic
Review: Papers & Proceedings, 102(3): 407–411.
Johnson, R.C. ve Noguera, G. (2012b) “Accounting for
Intermediates: Production Sharing and Trade in
Value Added” Journal of International Economics, 86
(2): 224–236.
Johnson, R.C. ve Noguera, G. (2012c) “Fragmentation
and Trade in Value Added over Four Decades” NBER
Working Paper No: 18186.
Koopman, R., Powers, W., Wang, Z. ve Wei, S.J. (2010)
“Give Credit Where Credit Is Due: Tracing Value
Added in Global Production Chains” NBER Working
Paper No: 16426.
Koopman, R., Wang, Zhi. ve Wei, S.J. (2012) “Estimating
Domestic Content in Exports When Processing
Trade is Pervasive” Journal of Development Economics,
99 (1): 178-189.
Koopman, R., Wang, Zhi. ve Wei, S.J. (2014) “Tracing Value-
Added and Double Counting in Gross Exports”
American Economic Review, 104(2): 459-494.
Kowalski, P., Gonzalez, J.L., Ragoussis, A. ve Ugarte, C.
(2015), “Participation of Developing Countries in
Global Value Chains: Implications for Trade and
Trade-Related Policies” OECD Trade Policy Papers
No: 179. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-
en)
Ma, H., Wang, Z. ve Zhu, K. (2015) “Domestic Content in
China’s Exports and Its Distribution by Firm Ownership”
Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(1): 3–18.
OECD (2015) “OECD Technical Workshop on Foreign
Direct Investment and Global Value Chains”. http://
www.oecd.org/std/its/oecd-technical-worshopon-
foreign-direct-investment-and-global-valuechains-
19-october-2015-paris.htm (15.11.2016).
OECD-WTO (2012) “Trade in Value Added: Concepts,
Methodologies and Challenges (Joint OECD-WTO
Note)”. http://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/49894138.pdf
(10.11.2016).
OECD-WTO (2016) “OECD-WTO: Statistics on Trade
in Value Added”. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-
00648-en (14.11.2016).
Porter, M. E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and
Sustaining Superior Performance, London, Collier
Macmillan (2nd edn. (1998) New York and London,
Free Press)
Stehrer, R., Foster-Mcgregor, N. ve de Vries, G. (2012)
“Value Added and Factors in Trade: A Comprehensive
Approach” wiiw Working Paper No: 80.
Trefler, D. ve Zhu, S.C. (2010) “The Structure of Factor
Content Predictions” Journal of International Economics,
82(2): 195–207.
UNCTAD (2013), “World Investment Report: Global Value
Chains: Investment and Trade for Development”,
Switzerland, UN Publications
UNCTAD (2016) “United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development Statistics Database”. http://
unctadstat.unctad.org (25.10.2016).
Wang, Z., Wei, S.J. ve Zhu, K. (2013) “Quantifying International
Production Sharing at The Bilateral and
Sector Levels” NBER Working Paper No: 19677.
World Bank (2016) “World Development Indicators
(version date: 14 October, 2016)”. http://data.worldbank.
org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
(13.11.2016).
Yanıkkaya, H., & Altun, A. (2019). Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth. Ege Academic Review, 19(1), 119-129.
AMA
Yanıkkaya H, Altun A. Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth. eab. Ocak 2019;19(1):119-129.
Chicago
Yanıkkaya, Halit, ve Abdullah Altun. “Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth”. Ege Academic Review 19, sy. 1 (Ocak 2019): 119-29.
EndNote
Yanıkkaya H, Altun A (01 Ocak 2019) Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth. Ege Academic Review 19 1 119–129.
IEEE
H. Yanıkkaya ve A. Altun, “Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth”, eab, c. 19, sy. 1, ss. 119–129, 2019.
ISNAD
Yanıkkaya, Halit - Altun, Abdullah. “Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth”. Ege Academic Review 19/1 (Ocak 2019), 119-129.
JAMA
Yanıkkaya H, Altun A. Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth. eab. 2019;19:119–129.
MLA
Yanıkkaya, Halit ve Abdullah Altun. “Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth”. Ege Academic Review, c. 19, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 119-2.
Vancouver
Yanıkkaya H, Altun A. Impacts of Participation in Export Value Chains on TFP Growth. eab. 2019;19(1):119-2.