Using Various Types of Location Quotients to Disaggregate Turkey’s Input-Output Table: An Application to the Production Structure of Region TR33
Year 2021,
Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 273 - 284, 30.06.2021
Fatih Çelebioğlu
,
Sandy Dall'erba
Abstract
As many other developing countries, the statistical office of Turkey displays an input-output table at the national level only and it is not regularly updated. Yet, the need for regional-level information is growing because numerous publicly-funded development projects and private investments have taken place at the sub-national level over the recent years. In this paper we create an input-output table for one region, TR33, for the year 2014 by regionalizing and updating the national table through a location quotient approach. It allows us to calculate the regional employment and output multipliers across 35 sectors and to verify if their ranking varies across location quotient techniques. We expect our conclusions will help policy-makers and private investors take an informed decision when investing in TR33.
Supporting Institution
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
Project Number
1059B191300514
References
- Atan S. (2011) “A Study into the Inter-sectoral Linkage Structure
with Reference to Input-Output Approach: Domestic Product
and Imported Intermediate Goods Decomposition”,
Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 22(80), 59- 78.
- Ayas N. (2017) “Import Dependency of Sectors and Major Determinants:
an Input Output Analysis”, European Journal of
Sustainable Development Research, Vol.2, Issue 1, pp. 1-16
- Aydın H. (2007) “An Analysis of Input-Output Inter Industry
Linkages in the Turkish Economy”, 16th International Input-
Output Conference, İstanbul, July 02-06, 2007.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2015-a) “Import
Dependency in Turkey: an Input-Output Analysis”, Ege
University Working Papers in Economics, Working Paper
No: 15 / 02.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2015-b)
“Regional Input-Output Analysis of A Mega-Event: Possible
Impact of EXPO on Izmir Economy”, Anadolu University
Journal of Social Sciences, Vol: 15, No: 2, 75-84.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2015-c)
“An Application of the Hybrid Approach to Constructing
Regional Input-Output Tables: Case of İzmir, Turkey”, İktisat
İşletme ve Finans 30(348), 9-34.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2017)
“An Input–Output Model of Exchange-Rate Pass-
Through”, Economic Systems Research, https://doi.
org/10.1080/09535314.2017. 1374243
- BAKKA - Western Black Sea Development Agency (2014), TR81
Düzey 2 Bölgesinin Sektörel Yapı ve Rekabet Gücünün
Girdi-Çıktı Modeli İle Analizi, http://bakkakutuphane.org/
upload/dokumandosya/Sektorel-YapY-ve-Rekabet-Gucunun-
Girdi-CYktY-Modeliyle-Analizi-01.04.2015.23.21.09.
pdf
- Bon R., Birgonul T. and Ozdogan I. (1999) “An Input-Output
Analysis of the Turkish Construction Sector, 1973-1990:
A Note”, Construction Management and Economics, 17,
543-551.
- Çalışkan E.T. and Aydoğuş O. (2011) “Sources of Industrial
Growth in Turkish Economy: An Empirical Analysis with
Input-Output Model (1985-2002)”, Ege Academic Review,
11(4), 499-510.
- Celebioglu F. and Dall’erba S. (2010), “Spatial Disparities across
the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis”,
the Annals of Regional Science, Vol: 45(2), 379-400.
- Davutyan N. (2008) “Estimating the Size of Turkey’s Informal
Sector: an Expenditure-Based Approach”, Journal of Economic
Policy Reform, 11(4), 261-271
- DBT - Development Bank of Turkey (2012), Türkiye İmalat
Sanayiinin Analizi – The Analysis of Turkish Manufacturing
Industry, Department of Economic and Social Researches,
Ankara.
- Dilber İ. (2007) “The Evaluating of Tourism Sector’s Effect on
Turkish Economy Through Input-Output Table”, Yönetim ve
Ekonomi, 14(2), 205-220.
- Erdoğan E. (2011) “ Multi-regional Social Accounting Matrix and
Multiplier Analysis: An Application for Turkish Economy”,
The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East
Technical University (METU), Unpublished Master Thesis,
Ankara.
- Ersungur Ş.M. and Kızıltan A. (2007) “Türkiye Ekonomisinde
İthalata Bağımlılığın Girdi-Çıktı Yöntemiyle Analizi”, Atatürk
University, Journal of Graduate School of Social Science, 9
(1), 267-278.
- Flegg A. T., Webber C. D. and Elliott M. V. (1995) “On the Appropriate
Use of Location Quotients in Generating Regional
Input–Output Tables”, Regional Studies, 29:6, 547-561, DOI
Number: 10.1080/00343409512331349173.
- Flegg A. T. and Webber C. D. (2000) “Regional Size, Regional
Specialization and the FLQ Formula”, Regional Studies, 34,
563–569.
- Flegg A.T. and Tohmo T. (2013) “Regional Input–Output Tables
and the FLQ Formula: A Case Study of Finland”, Regional
Studies, 47(5), pp. 703-721.
- Flegg A.T. and Tohmo T. (2016) “Estimating Regional Input Coefficients
and Multipliers: The Use of FLQ is Not a Gamble”,
Regional Studies, 50(2), pp.310-325.
- Flegg A.T., Mastronardi L.J. and Romero C.A. (2016) “Evaluating
the FLQ and AFLQ Formulae for Estimating Regional
Input Coefficients: Empirical Evidence for the Province of
Córdoba, Argentina”, Economic Systems Research, 28(1),
pp.21-37.
- Gezici F. and Hewings G.J.D. (2004) “Regional Convergence and
the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey”,
Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, Vol. 16,
No. 2, pp.113-132.
- Günçavdı Ö. and Küçükçifçi S. (2008) “Openness to Trade and
Structural Changes in the Sources of Economic Growth and
Labour Demand in Turkey”, MPRA Paper No. 9624, http://
mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9624/.
- Günçavdı Ö., Küçükçifçi S. and McKay A. (2003) “Adjustment,
Stabilization and the Analysis of the Employment Structure
in Turkey: An Input-Output Approach”, Economics of Planning,
36, 315–331.
- Hewings G.J.D. and Jensen R.C. (1987) Handbook of Regional
and Urban Economics, Volume 1 (Regional Economics),
1st Edition, Editor: Peter Nijkamp, North Holland Press,
Netherlands.
- İlhan B. and Yaman H. (2011) “A Comparative Input-Output
Analysis of the Construction Sector in Turkey and EU
Countries”, Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management, 18 (3), 248-265.
- İZKA-İzmir Regional Development Agency (2012) İzmir Bölgesi
Girdi-Çıktı Analizi, http://www.izka.org.tr/files/ppkb/
Izmir_Bolgesel_GC_Modeli_Raporu_web.pdf
- Karkacier O. and Goktolga Z.G.(2005) “Input-Output Analysis
of Energy Use in Agriculture”, Energy Conversion and Management,
46, 1513–1521.
- Kaya A.A. (2006) “Regional Specialization and Location of
Industrial Activity in Turkey”, Regional Studies Association
International Conference, 8th and 9th June 2006, Leuven,
Belgium.
- Kızıltan A. and Ersungur Ş.M. (2005) “Türkiye Ekonomisinde
Sektörlerin İstihdama Etkisindeki Değişim: Girdi-Çıktı
Yaklaşımıyla Bir Uygulama”, Atatürk University, Journal of
Economics and Administrative Sciences, 19(2), 31-47.
- Lagendijk A., Kayasu S. and Yasar S. (2009) “The Role of Regional
Development Agencies in Turkey: From Implementing
EU Directives To Supporting Regional Business Communities?”,
European Urban and Regional Studies, 16 (4),
383-396.
- McCann P. and Dewhurst J. H. L. (1998) “Regional Size, Industrial
Location and Input-Output Expenditure Coefficients”, Regional
Studies, 32, 435–444.
- Miller R. (1997) Regional and Interregional Input-output Analysis
, in: Isard W., Aziz I., Drennen M., Miller R., Saltzman S.,
Thorbecke E. (Eds.), Methods of Interregional and Regional
Analysis, pp. 41-133, Ashgate Publishing: Regional Science
Studies Series.
- Miller R.E. and Blair P.D. (2009) Input–Output Analysis - Foundations
and Extensions, Cambridge University Press,
NewYork.
- Okamoto N., Zhang Y. and Zhao K. (2005) “Non-Survey Methods
for Estimating Regional and Interregional Input–Output
Multipliers”, in book: Spatial Structure and Regional
Development in China: An Interregional Input–Output
Approach (Edited by Nobuhiro Okamoto and Takeo Ihara),
Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- Round J. I. (1978) “An Interregional Input-Output Approach to
the Evaluation of Non-survey Methods” Journal of Regional
Science, 18(2), 179–194.
- Sarıışık M., Akova O., Türkay O. and Sarı D. (2011)” An Evaluation
of the Impact of Tourism on Turkey’s Economy by Input-
Output Analysis”, International Conference on Eurasian
Economies, 12-14 October 2011 – Bishkek, KYRGYZSTAN,
210-216.
- Sel A. and Göktolga Z.G. (2016) “Sivas İli Temel Sektörlerinin
Girdi Çikti Yöntemiyle Analizi”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi,
İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 17(2), 1-21.
- Smith P. and Morrison W.I. (2007) Simulating the Urban Economy
- Experiments with Input-Output Techniques, Routledge
Publishing, UK.
- SPO (2000) Main Plan of East Anatolia Project (Strategy and
Reconstruction Scenarios), Ankara, http://www.dap.gov.tr/
content/DAP/DAPANAPLAN/PDF/ana_plan.pdf
- Taşçı K. (2013) “The Importance of ICT Sector for Turkish
Economy by Employing Input-Output Analysis Approach”,
Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 34, 1-20.
- Tekin A. B. and Evcim H.U. (2011) “Input-Output Structure of
Turkish Agriculture”, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science,
17 (2), 258-268.
- The Law on the Establishment, Coordination and Task of Development
Agencies, Law no: 5449, January 25, 2006.
The Law on the Turkish Statistics, Law no: 5429, October 11,
2005.
- Development Bank of Turkey - TKB (2014-a) “Kütahya İli
Potansiyel Yatırım Konuları Araştırması”, (Prepared by Fulya
Bayraktar and Mehmet Emin Karaca; Coordinated by Oktay
Küçükkiremitçi, Ömür Genç and Mustafa Şimşek), March,
Ankara, Turkey.
- Development Bank of Turkey - TKB (2014-b) “TR83 Bölgesi Uygun
Yatırım Alanları Araştırması – Samsun İli”, (Prepared by
Fulya Bayraktar and Faruk Sekmen; Coordinated by Oktay
Küçükkiremitçi, Ömür Genç, Mustafa Şimşek and Belgin
ÖZOĞUL), December, Ankara, Turkey.
- TİM - Turkish Exporters Assembly (2014), https://www.tim.org.
tr/en/export-export-figures
- Topcuoğlu A. (2015) “Comparative Structural Analysis of Ardahan
and Iğdır: an Application through Static Input-Output
Model”, Ph.D. Dissertation (Advisor: Ş. Mustafa Ersungur),
Atatürk University Social Science Institute Department of
Economics, Erzurum.
- TUİK - Turkish Statistical Institute (2010), Annual Industry and
Service Statistics.
- TUİK - Turkish Statistical Institute (2017) National Level I-O Tables,
http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo. do?alt_id=1021
- TUİK - Turkish Statistical Institute (2017) Some Basic Indicators
by Local Units, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/
- YSH_2015/turkce/downloads/10.yerel-birim-faaliyetlerine-
goere-bazii-teme.xls
- Zafer Development Agency – ZEKA (2014) “Determination and
Analysis of Manufacturing Structure and Level of TR33 Region
(originally in Turkish: TR33 Bölgesinin Üretim Yapısının
ve Düzeyinin Tespiti ve Analizi), Kütahya, Turkey.
- Zafer Development Agency – ZEKA (2016) “Analysis of Current
Situation in TR33” (originally in Turkish: Mevcut Durum
Analizi), Kütahya, Turkey.
- Zafer Development Agency – ZEKA (2017) “TR33 Region Info”,
http://www.zafer.org.tr/eng/ tr33region. html
- Zengin H. and Tütüncü A. (2016) “Kayıtdışı Ekonominin Tahmini
ve Vergi Gelirleri ile Arasındaki İlişki”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik
Yorumlar, 53, 73-86.
Year 2021,
Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 273 - 284, 30.06.2021
Fatih Çelebioğlu
,
Sandy Dall'erba
Project Number
1059B191300514
References
- Atan S. (2011) “A Study into the Inter-sectoral Linkage Structure
with Reference to Input-Output Approach: Domestic Product
and Imported Intermediate Goods Decomposition”,
Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 22(80), 59- 78.
- Ayas N. (2017) “Import Dependency of Sectors and Major Determinants:
an Input Output Analysis”, European Journal of
Sustainable Development Research, Vol.2, Issue 1, pp. 1-16
- Aydın H. (2007) “An Analysis of Input-Output Inter Industry
Linkages in the Turkish Economy”, 16th International Input-
Output Conference, İstanbul, July 02-06, 2007.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2015-a) “Import
Dependency in Turkey: an Input-Output Analysis”, Ege
University Working Papers in Economics, Working Paper
No: 15 / 02.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2015-b)
“Regional Input-Output Analysis of A Mega-Event: Possible
Impact of EXPO on Izmir Economy”, Anadolu University
Journal of Social Sciences, Vol: 15, No: 2, 75-84.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2015-c)
“An Application of the Hybrid Approach to Constructing
Regional Input-Output Tables: Case of İzmir, Turkey”, İktisat
İşletme ve Finans 30(348), 9-34.
- Aydoğuş O., Değer Ç., Çalışkan E.T. and Günal G.G. (2017)
“An Input–Output Model of Exchange-Rate Pass-
Through”, Economic Systems Research, https://doi.
org/10.1080/09535314.2017. 1374243
- BAKKA - Western Black Sea Development Agency (2014), TR81
Düzey 2 Bölgesinin Sektörel Yapı ve Rekabet Gücünün
Girdi-Çıktı Modeli İle Analizi, http://bakkakutuphane.org/
upload/dokumandosya/Sektorel-YapY-ve-Rekabet-Gucunun-
Girdi-CYktY-Modeliyle-Analizi-01.04.2015.23.21.09.
pdf
- Bon R., Birgonul T. and Ozdogan I. (1999) “An Input-Output
Analysis of the Turkish Construction Sector, 1973-1990:
A Note”, Construction Management and Economics, 17,
543-551.
- Çalışkan E.T. and Aydoğuş O. (2011) “Sources of Industrial
Growth in Turkish Economy: An Empirical Analysis with
Input-Output Model (1985-2002)”, Ege Academic Review,
11(4), 499-510.
- Celebioglu F. and Dall’erba S. (2010), “Spatial Disparities across
the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis”,
the Annals of Regional Science, Vol: 45(2), 379-400.
- Davutyan N. (2008) “Estimating the Size of Turkey’s Informal
Sector: an Expenditure-Based Approach”, Journal of Economic
Policy Reform, 11(4), 261-271
- DBT - Development Bank of Turkey (2012), Türkiye İmalat
Sanayiinin Analizi – The Analysis of Turkish Manufacturing
Industry, Department of Economic and Social Researches,
Ankara.
- Dilber İ. (2007) “The Evaluating of Tourism Sector’s Effect on
Turkish Economy Through Input-Output Table”, Yönetim ve
Ekonomi, 14(2), 205-220.
- Erdoğan E. (2011) “ Multi-regional Social Accounting Matrix and
Multiplier Analysis: An Application for Turkish Economy”,
The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East
Technical University (METU), Unpublished Master Thesis,
Ankara.
- Ersungur Ş.M. and Kızıltan A. (2007) “Türkiye Ekonomisinde
İthalata Bağımlılığın Girdi-Çıktı Yöntemiyle Analizi”, Atatürk
University, Journal of Graduate School of Social Science, 9
(1), 267-278.
- Flegg A. T., Webber C. D. and Elliott M. V. (1995) “On the Appropriate
Use of Location Quotients in Generating Regional
Input–Output Tables”, Regional Studies, 29:6, 547-561, DOI
Number: 10.1080/00343409512331349173.
- Flegg A. T. and Webber C. D. (2000) “Regional Size, Regional
Specialization and the FLQ Formula”, Regional Studies, 34,
563–569.
- Flegg A.T. and Tohmo T. (2013) “Regional Input–Output Tables
and the FLQ Formula: A Case Study of Finland”, Regional
Studies, 47(5), pp. 703-721.
- Flegg A.T. and Tohmo T. (2016) “Estimating Regional Input Coefficients
and Multipliers: The Use of FLQ is Not a Gamble”,
Regional Studies, 50(2), pp.310-325.
- Flegg A.T., Mastronardi L.J. and Romero C.A. (2016) “Evaluating
the FLQ and AFLQ Formulae for Estimating Regional
Input Coefficients: Empirical Evidence for the Province of
Córdoba, Argentina”, Economic Systems Research, 28(1),
pp.21-37.
- Gezici F. and Hewings G.J.D. (2004) “Regional Convergence and
the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey”,
Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, Vol. 16,
No. 2, pp.113-132.
- Günçavdı Ö. and Küçükçifçi S. (2008) “Openness to Trade and
Structural Changes in the Sources of Economic Growth and
Labour Demand in Turkey”, MPRA Paper No. 9624, http://
mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9624/.
- Günçavdı Ö., Küçükçifçi S. and McKay A. (2003) “Adjustment,
Stabilization and the Analysis of the Employment Structure
in Turkey: An Input-Output Approach”, Economics of Planning,
36, 315–331.
- Hewings G.J.D. and Jensen R.C. (1987) Handbook of Regional
and Urban Economics, Volume 1 (Regional Economics),
1st Edition, Editor: Peter Nijkamp, North Holland Press,
Netherlands.
- İlhan B. and Yaman H. (2011) “A Comparative Input-Output
Analysis of the Construction Sector in Turkey and EU
Countries”, Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management, 18 (3), 248-265.
- İZKA-İzmir Regional Development Agency (2012) İzmir Bölgesi
Girdi-Çıktı Analizi, http://www.izka.org.tr/files/ppkb/
Izmir_Bolgesel_GC_Modeli_Raporu_web.pdf
- Karkacier O. and Goktolga Z.G.(2005) “Input-Output Analysis
of Energy Use in Agriculture”, Energy Conversion and Management,
46, 1513–1521.
- Kaya A.A. (2006) “Regional Specialization and Location of
Industrial Activity in Turkey”, Regional Studies Association
International Conference, 8th and 9th June 2006, Leuven,
Belgium.
- Kızıltan A. and Ersungur Ş.M. (2005) “Türkiye Ekonomisinde
Sektörlerin İstihdama Etkisindeki Değişim: Girdi-Çıktı
Yaklaşımıyla Bir Uygulama”, Atatürk University, Journal of
Economics and Administrative Sciences, 19(2), 31-47.
- Lagendijk A., Kayasu S. and Yasar S. (2009) “The Role of Regional
Development Agencies in Turkey: From Implementing
EU Directives To Supporting Regional Business Communities?”,
European Urban and Regional Studies, 16 (4),
383-396.
- McCann P. and Dewhurst J. H. L. (1998) “Regional Size, Industrial
Location and Input-Output Expenditure Coefficients”, Regional
Studies, 32, 435–444.
- Miller R. (1997) Regional and Interregional Input-output Analysis
, in: Isard W., Aziz I., Drennen M., Miller R., Saltzman S.,
Thorbecke E. (Eds.), Methods of Interregional and Regional
Analysis, pp. 41-133, Ashgate Publishing: Regional Science
Studies Series.
- Miller R.E. and Blair P.D. (2009) Input–Output Analysis - Foundations
and Extensions, Cambridge University Press,
NewYork.
- Okamoto N., Zhang Y. and Zhao K. (2005) “Non-Survey Methods
for Estimating Regional and Interregional Input–Output
Multipliers”, in book: Spatial Structure and Regional
Development in China: An Interregional Input–Output
Approach (Edited by Nobuhiro Okamoto and Takeo Ihara),
Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- Round J. I. (1978) “An Interregional Input-Output Approach to
the Evaluation of Non-survey Methods” Journal of Regional
Science, 18(2), 179–194.
- Sarıışık M., Akova O., Türkay O. and Sarı D. (2011)” An Evaluation
of the Impact of Tourism on Turkey’s Economy by Input-
Output Analysis”, International Conference on Eurasian
Economies, 12-14 October 2011 – Bishkek, KYRGYZSTAN,
210-216.
- Sel A. and Göktolga Z.G. (2016) “Sivas İli Temel Sektörlerinin
Girdi Çikti Yöntemiyle Analizi”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi,
İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 17(2), 1-21.
- Smith P. and Morrison W.I. (2007) Simulating the Urban Economy
- Experiments with Input-Output Techniques, Routledge
Publishing, UK.
- SPO (2000) Main Plan of East Anatolia Project (Strategy and
Reconstruction Scenarios), Ankara, http://www.dap.gov.tr/
content/DAP/DAPANAPLAN/PDF/ana_plan.pdf
- Taşçı K. (2013) “The Importance of ICT Sector for Turkish
Economy by Employing Input-Output Analysis Approach”,
Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 34, 1-20.
- Tekin A. B. and Evcim H.U. (2011) “Input-Output Structure of
Turkish Agriculture”, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science,
17 (2), 258-268.
- The Law on the Establishment, Coordination and Task of Development
Agencies, Law no: 5449, January 25, 2006.
The Law on the Turkish Statistics, Law no: 5429, October 11,
2005.
- Development Bank of Turkey - TKB (2014-a) “Kütahya İli
Potansiyel Yatırım Konuları Araştırması”, (Prepared by Fulya
Bayraktar and Mehmet Emin Karaca; Coordinated by Oktay
Küçükkiremitçi, Ömür Genç and Mustafa Şimşek), March,
Ankara, Turkey.
- Development Bank of Turkey - TKB (2014-b) “TR83 Bölgesi Uygun
Yatırım Alanları Araştırması – Samsun İli”, (Prepared by
Fulya Bayraktar and Faruk Sekmen; Coordinated by Oktay
Küçükkiremitçi, Ömür Genç, Mustafa Şimşek and Belgin
ÖZOĞUL), December, Ankara, Turkey.
- TİM - Turkish Exporters Assembly (2014), https://www.tim.org.
tr/en/export-export-figures
- Topcuoğlu A. (2015) “Comparative Structural Analysis of Ardahan
and Iğdır: an Application through Static Input-Output
Model”, Ph.D. Dissertation (Advisor: Ş. Mustafa Ersungur),
Atatürk University Social Science Institute Department of
Economics, Erzurum.
- TUİK - Turkish Statistical Institute (2010), Annual Industry and
Service Statistics.
- TUİK - Turkish Statistical Institute (2017) National Level I-O Tables,
http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo. do?alt_id=1021
- TUİK - Turkish Statistical Institute (2017) Some Basic Indicators
by Local Units, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/
- YSH_2015/turkce/downloads/10.yerel-birim-faaliyetlerine-
goere-bazii-teme.xls
- Zafer Development Agency – ZEKA (2014) “Determination and
Analysis of Manufacturing Structure and Level of TR33 Region
(originally in Turkish: TR33 Bölgesinin Üretim Yapısının
ve Düzeyinin Tespiti ve Analizi), Kütahya, Turkey.
- Zafer Development Agency – ZEKA (2016) “Analysis of Current
Situation in TR33” (originally in Turkish: Mevcut Durum
Analizi), Kütahya, Turkey.
- Zafer Development Agency – ZEKA (2017) “TR33 Region Info”,
http://www.zafer.org.tr/eng/ tr33region. html
- Zengin H. and Tütüncü A. (2016) “Kayıtdışı Ekonominin Tahmini
ve Vergi Gelirleri ile Arasındaki İlişki”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik
Yorumlar, 53, 73-86.