Persistence of Policy Shocks to the Ecological Footprint of MINT Countries

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 427 - 440, 30.10.2021

Ali Eren Eren F. Özlem Alper

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1015635

Cited By: 2

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to test the stability of the ecological footprint and its sub-components in Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (MINT) by performing the Fourier unit root test, which yields reliable results in the presence of an unknown number and form of breaks, on the data obtained over the period 1961–2016. Unit root tests provide information regarding future behaviors based on the previous data of the series. In this respect, suggestions for policymakers can be made by determining that shocks have either permanent or temporary impacts on the series. As a result of the analysis, since the cropland footprint for Mexico; the total ecological footprint and construction area footprint subcomponent for Indonesia; cropland and grazing land footprint subcomponents for Nigeria; and the fishery and forestry subcomponents for Turkey are detected as stationary, it is concluded that policies to reduce the level of pollution are ineffective for these components. Moreover, it was detected that the carbon footprint subcomponent is not stationary in all the MINT countries, and policies to reduce carbon emissions would have permanent impacts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecological footprint, Fourier unit root, MINT countries, Stationary, Global warming

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, M., Khan, A. M., Bibi, S., & Zakaria, M. (2017). Convergence of per capita CO2 emissions across the globe: Insights via wavelet analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 86-97. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.053
• Aldy, J. E. (2006). Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence? Environmental & Resource Economics, 33(4), 533-555. doi:10.1007/s10640-005-6160-x
• Barros, C. P., Gil-Alana, L. A., & Perez de Gracia, F. (2016). Stationarity and Long Range Dependence of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence for Disaggregated Data. Environmental and Resource Economics, 63(1), 45-56. doi:10.1007/ s10640-014-9835-3
• Becker, R., Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2006). A Stationarity Test in the Presence of an Unknown Number of Smooth Breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409. doi:10.1111/ j.1467-9892.2006.00478.x
• Bekhet, H. A., Othman, N. S., & Yasmin, T. (2020). Interaction between Environmental Kuznet Curve and Urban Environment Transition Hypotheses in Malaysia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(1), 384-402. doi:10.32479/ijeep.8389
• Cai, X., Che, X., Zhu, B., Zhao, J., & Xie, R. (2018). Will developing countries become pollution havens for developed countries? An empirical investigation in the Belt and Road. Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 624-632. doi:10.1016/j. jclepro.2018.06.291
• Camarero, M., Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., & Tamarit, C. (2013). Are the determinants of CO2 emissions converging among OECD countries? Economics Letters, 118(1), 159-162. doi:10.1016/j. econlet.2012.10.009
• Chen, Q., & Taylor, D. (2020). Economic development and pollution emissions in Singapore: Evidence in support of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and its implications for regional sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 243. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118637
• Christidou, M., Panagiotidis, T., & Sharma, A. (2013). On the stationarity of per capita carbon dioxide emissions over a century. Economic Modelling, 33, 918-925. doi:10.1016/j. econmod.2013.05.024
• Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Sci Total Environ, 650(Pt 2), 2483-2489. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
• Global Footprint Network. (2018). Global Footprint Network. Retrieved from https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ resources/data/
• Hove, S., & Tursoy, T. (2019). An investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve in emerging economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117628
• Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., & Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a unit root in the nonlinear STAR framework Journal of Econometrics, 112.
• Kruse, R. (2011). A new unit root test against ESTAR based on a class of modified statistics. Statistical Papers, 52(1), 71-85. doi:10.1007/s00362-009-0204-1
• Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
• Li, X.-L., Tang, D. P., & Chang, T. (2014). CO2 emissions converge in the 50 U.S. states — Sequential panel selection method. Economic Modelling, 40, 320-333. doi:10.1016/j.econmod. 2014.04.003
• Li, X., & Lin, B. (2013). Global convergence in per capita CO2 emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 357-363. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.048
• López, L. A., Arce, G., Kronenberg, T., & Rodrigues, J. F. D. (2018). Trade from resource-rich countries avoids the existence of a global pollution haven hypothesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 599-611. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.056
• Munasinghe, M. (1992). Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development. Paper presented at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• Narayan, P. K., & Popp, S. (2010). A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438. doi:10.1080/02664760903039883
• Ozcan, B., Ulucak, R., & Dogan, E. (2019). Analyzing long-lasting effects of environmental policies: Evidence from low, middle and high-income economies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, 130-143.
• Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U., & Saboori, B. (2016). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 23(2), 1916-1928. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
• Phillips, P. C., & Sul, D. (2007). Transition modeling and econometric convergence tests. Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855.
• Presno, M. J., Landajo, M., & Fernández González, P. (2018). Stochastic convergence in per capita CO 2 emissions. An approach from nonlinear stationarity analysis. Energy Economics, 70, 563-581. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2015.10.001
• Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130.
• Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., & Hammoudeh, S. (2019). How Do Carbon Emissions Respond to Economic Shocks? Evidence from Low-Middle- and High-Income Countries. MPRA Paper, 93976.
• Shao, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Q., & Balogh, L. (2019). Pollution haven hypothesis revisited: A comparison of the BRICS and MINT countries based on the VECM approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 724-738. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.206
• Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: An empirical investigation. Energy, 124, 706-719. doi:10.1016/j. energy.2017.02.089
• Solarin, S. A., & Bello, M. O. (2018). Persistence of policy shocks to an environmental degradation index: the case of ecological footprint in 128 developed and developing countries. Ecological Indicators, 89, 35-44.
• Solarin, S. A., Gil-Alana, L. A., & Lafuente, C. (2019). Persistence in carbon footprint emissions: an overview of 92 countries. Carbon Management, 10(4), 405-415. doi:10.1080/1758300 4.2019.1620038
• Stern, D. I. (2004). The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004
• Sun, C., Zhang, F., & Xu, M. (2017). Investigation of pollution haven hypothesis for China: An ARDL approach with breakpoint unit root tests. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 153-164. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.119
• Tisdell, C. A. (2010). Resource and environmental economics: modern issues and applications (Vol. 7). World Scientific Publishing Company.
• Ulucak, R., & Lin, D. (2017). Persistence of policy shocks to Ecological Footprint of the USA. Ecological Indicators, 80, 337-343. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.020
• Wackernagel, M. (1994). Ecological Footprint and Appropriated Carrying Capacity: A Tool for Planning Toward Sustainability. (PhD Thesis). The University of British Columbia,
• Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., Silva-Zambrano, C. A., Davalos- Penafiel, J. L., Zambrano-Monserrate, A., & Ruano, M. A. (2018). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Peru: The role of renewable electricity, petroleum and dry natural gas. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 4170-4178. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.11.005