THE ROLE OF FEAR OF MISSING OUT (FoMO) IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND CYBERLOAFING
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 11 - 26, 23.01.2023
Hamid Murad Özcan
,
Umut Koç
Öz
Although there is a growing body of research about the relationship between cyberloafing and personality traits, many important questions remain unanswered. In particular, it is still unclear whether FoMO is related to cyberloafing, and what the mechanism behind the cyberloafing-personality traits link is. The present study addresses this gap by examining the mediator role of FoMO on the relationship between cyberloafing and personality traits. To this end, suvey data, collected from 443 bank employees, was used to test hypotheses. Results showed that FoMO mediates the negative relationship between conscientiousness and cyberloafing. Furthermore, it was found that FoMO is negatively associated with cyberloafing.
Kaynakça
- Abel, J.P., Buff, C.L. and Burr, S.A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 53(1), 33-44.
- Abidin, R., Abdullah, C.S., Hasnan, N. and Bajuri, A.L. (2014). The relationship of cyberloafing behavior with big five personality traits. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(12), 61-66.
- Alt, D. (2015). College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out. Computer in Human Behavior, 49, 111-119
- Alt, D. (2018). Students’ wellbeing, fear of missing out, and social media engagement for leisure in higher education learning environments. Current Psychology, 37, 128-138.
- Atak, H. (2013). The Turkish Adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 50, 312-319.
- Baron, R. and Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Baumeister, R. and Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
- Berry, C.M., Ones, D.S. and Sackett, P.R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 410-424.
- Beyens, I., Frison, E. and Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1-8.
- Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C. and Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 69-72.
- Blanchard, A.L. and Henle, C.A. (2008). Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1067-1084.
- Blau, G., Yang, Y. and Ward-Cook, K. (2006). Testing a measure of cyberloafing. Journal of Allied Health, 35(1), 9-17.
- Brennen, J.S. and Kreiss, D. (2016). Digitalization. In The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy (eds K.B. Jensen, E.W. Rothenbuhler, J.D. Pooley and R.T. Craig).
- Brown, S. O. (2010). Review of Individual psychological assessment: Predicting behavior in organizational settings [Review of the book Individual psychological assessment: Predicting behavior in organizational settings, by R. Jeannert & R. Silvers, Eds.]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(4), 372–373.
- Buglass, S.L., Binder, J.F., Betts, L.R. and Underwood, J.D.M. (2017). Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FOMO. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 248-255.
- Businessinsider (2017). Americans are more worried than ever about being addicted to their smartphones—and they're starting to cut back. https://www.businessinsider.com/deloitte-survey-americans-worried-aboutsmartphone- use-2017-11. (Access Date: 24 November 2019).
- Chow, M. and Blaszczynski, C. (2014). The global rise of nomophobia: Present and future workplace considerations. Journal for Global Business Education, 13, 23-30.
- Dogan, V. (2019). Why do people experience the fear of missing out (FoMO)? Exposing the link between the self and the fomo through self-construal. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50 (4), 524-538.
- Elhai, J.D., Levine, J.C., Dvorak, R.D. and Hall, B.J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509-516.
- Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143–1168.
- Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparision processes. Human Relations, 7, 117.
- Garrett, R.K. and Danziger, J.N. (2008). On cyberslacking: Workplace status and personal internet use at work.
CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 287-292.
- Gaudin, S. Study: Facebook use cuts productivity at work. Computer World, https://www.computerworld.com/article/2526045/study--facebook-use-cuts-productivity-at-work.html (Accessed on 11.08.2019).
- Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J. and Swann Jr, W.B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 37, 504–528.
- Gökler, M.E., Aydın, R., Ünal, E. and Metintaş, S. (2016). Determining validity and reliability of Turkish version of Fear of Missing out Scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 53-59.
- Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hemp, P. (2009). Death by information overload. Harvard Business Review, 87(9), 82-89.
- Jia, H., Jia, R. and Karau, S. (2013). Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the big five traits and workplace situational factors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 258-365.
- Kaplan, M. and Öğüt, A. (2012). The relationship between perceived organizational justice and cyberloafing: the case of hospital employees. Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Business Journal, 13(1), 1-13.
- Kenny, D., Kashy, D. and Bolger, N. (1998). Data Analysis In Socialpsychology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Kim, K., Triana, M.C., Chung, K. and Oh, N. (2015). When do employees cyberloaf? An interactionist perspective examining individual differences, justice, and empowerment. Human Resource Management, 55(6), 1041-1058
- Krishnan, S., Lim, V.K.G. and Teo, T.S.H. (2010). How does personality matter? Investigating the impact of bigfive personality traits on cyberloafing. International Conference on Information Systems, 1-16.
- Lee, Y.K., Chang, C.T., Lin, Y. and Cheng, Z.H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373-383.
- Liberman, B., Seidman, G., McKenna, K. and Buffardi, L. (2011). Employee job attitudes and organizational characteristics as predictors of cyberloafing. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2192-2199.
- Lim, V.K.G. (2002). The it way of loafing on the job: Cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 23(5), 675–694.
- McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1985). Updating Norman’s “adequate taxonomy”: Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 710-721.
- McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 81-90.
- Milyavskaya, M., Saffran, M., Hope, N. and Koestner, R. (2018). Fear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motivation and Emotion, 42, 725–737.
- Norman, W.T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(6), 574-583.
- Örücü, E. and Yıldız, H. (2014). The Personal Internet and Technology Usage at the Workplace: Cyberslacking. Ege Academic Review, 14(1), 99-114.
- Özdamar, K., Odabaşı, Y., Hoşcan, Y., Bir, A.A., İftar, G.K., Özmen, A. and Uzuner, Y. (1999). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi
- Przyblski, A.K., Murayama, K., DeHaan C.R. and Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1841-1848.
- Rogers, A.P. and Barber, L.K. (2019). Addressing FoMO and telepressure among university students: Could a technology intervention help with social media use and sleep disruption? Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 192-199.
- Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013). Research Method for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (Sixth edit). United Kingdom, England: John Wiley & Son.
- Servidio, R. (2019). Self-control and problematic smartphone use among Italian University students: The mediating role of the fear of missing out and of smartphone use patterns. Current Psychology, 40, 4101-4111.
- Shen, Y., Zhang, S. and Xin, T. (2020). Extrinsic academic motivation and social media fatigue: Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators. Current Psychology.
- Shin, C. and Dey, A.K. (2013), Automatically detecting problematic use of smartphones. Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ’13), 335.
- Somer, O. and Goldberg, L.R. (1999). The structure of Turkish trait-descriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 431-450.
- Sowislo, J. F. and Orth, U. (2012). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213-240.
- Stead, H. and Bibby, P.A. (2017). Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 534-540.
- Tan, M. and Demir, M. (2018). İşgörenlerin kişilik özelliklerinin sanal kaytarma davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 4(1), 49-68.
- Terpstra, D.E., and Rozell, E.J. (1993), The Relationship of Staffing Practices to Organizational Level Measures of Performance, Personnel Psychology, 46, 27–48.
- Thomee, S.; Harenstam, A. and Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 11(1), 66.
- Tozkoparan, S.B. and Kuzu, A. (2019). The relationship between fear of missing out (fomo) levels and cyberloafing behaviors of teacher candidates. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 9(1), 87-110.
- Wolniewicz, C.A., Tiamiyu, M.F., Weeks, J.W. and Elhai, J.D. (2018). Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Research, 262, 618-623.
- Yin, L., Wang, P., Nie, J., Guo, J., Feng, J. and Lei, L. (2021). Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: The mediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong. Current Psychology, 40(3), 3879-3887.
- Young, K.S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244.
- Yun, H., Kettinger, W. and Lee, C. (2012). A new open door: The smartphone's impact on work-to-life conflict, stress, and resistance. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 121-152.
- Zoghbi, P., Tacoronte, D.V. and Ding, J.T. (2006). Do current anti-cyberlaofing disciplinary practices have a replica in research findings? A study of the effects of coercive strategies on workplace internet misuse. Internet Research, 16(4), 450-46.
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 11 - 26, 23.01.2023
Hamid Murad Özcan
,
Umut Koç
Kaynakça
- Abel, J.P., Buff, C.L. and Burr, S.A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 53(1), 33-44.
- Abidin, R., Abdullah, C.S., Hasnan, N. and Bajuri, A.L. (2014). The relationship of cyberloafing behavior with big five personality traits. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(12), 61-66.
- Alt, D. (2015). College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out. Computer in Human Behavior, 49, 111-119
- Alt, D. (2018). Students’ wellbeing, fear of missing out, and social media engagement for leisure in higher education learning environments. Current Psychology, 37, 128-138.
- Atak, H. (2013). The Turkish Adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 50, 312-319.
- Baron, R. and Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Baumeister, R. and Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
- Berry, C.M., Ones, D.S. and Sackett, P.R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 410-424.
- Beyens, I., Frison, E. and Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1-8.
- Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C. and Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 69-72.
- Blanchard, A.L. and Henle, C.A. (2008). Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1067-1084.
- Blau, G., Yang, Y. and Ward-Cook, K. (2006). Testing a measure of cyberloafing. Journal of Allied Health, 35(1), 9-17.
- Brennen, J.S. and Kreiss, D. (2016). Digitalization. In The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy (eds K.B. Jensen, E.W. Rothenbuhler, J.D. Pooley and R.T. Craig).
- Brown, S. O. (2010). Review of Individual psychological assessment: Predicting behavior in organizational settings [Review of the book Individual psychological assessment: Predicting behavior in organizational settings, by R. Jeannert & R. Silvers, Eds.]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(4), 372–373.
- Buglass, S.L., Binder, J.F., Betts, L.R. and Underwood, J.D.M. (2017). Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FOMO. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 248-255.
- Businessinsider (2017). Americans are more worried than ever about being addicted to their smartphones—and they're starting to cut back. https://www.businessinsider.com/deloitte-survey-americans-worried-aboutsmartphone- use-2017-11. (Access Date: 24 November 2019).
- Chow, M. and Blaszczynski, C. (2014). The global rise of nomophobia: Present and future workplace considerations. Journal for Global Business Education, 13, 23-30.
- Dogan, V. (2019). Why do people experience the fear of missing out (FoMO)? Exposing the link between the self and the fomo through self-construal. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50 (4), 524-538.
- Elhai, J.D., Levine, J.C., Dvorak, R.D. and Hall, B.J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509-516.
- Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143–1168.
- Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparision processes. Human Relations, 7, 117.
- Garrett, R.K. and Danziger, J.N. (2008). On cyberslacking: Workplace status and personal internet use at work.
CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 287-292.
- Gaudin, S. Study: Facebook use cuts productivity at work. Computer World, https://www.computerworld.com/article/2526045/study--facebook-use-cuts-productivity-at-work.html (Accessed on 11.08.2019).
- Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J. and Swann Jr, W.B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 37, 504–528.
- Gökler, M.E., Aydın, R., Ünal, E. and Metintaş, S. (2016). Determining validity and reliability of Turkish version of Fear of Missing out Scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 53-59.
- Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hemp, P. (2009). Death by information overload. Harvard Business Review, 87(9), 82-89.
- Jia, H., Jia, R. and Karau, S. (2013). Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the big five traits and workplace situational factors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 258-365.
- Kaplan, M. and Öğüt, A. (2012). The relationship between perceived organizational justice and cyberloafing: the case of hospital employees. Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Business Journal, 13(1), 1-13.
- Kenny, D., Kashy, D. and Bolger, N. (1998). Data Analysis In Socialpsychology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Kim, K., Triana, M.C., Chung, K. and Oh, N. (2015). When do employees cyberloaf? An interactionist perspective examining individual differences, justice, and empowerment. Human Resource Management, 55(6), 1041-1058
- Krishnan, S., Lim, V.K.G. and Teo, T.S.H. (2010). How does personality matter? Investigating the impact of bigfive personality traits on cyberloafing. International Conference on Information Systems, 1-16.
- Lee, Y.K., Chang, C.T., Lin, Y. and Cheng, Z.H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373-383.
- Liberman, B., Seidman, G., McKenna, K. and Buffardi, L. (2011). Employee job attitudes and organizational characteristics as predictors of cyberloafing. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2192-2199.
- Lim, V.K.G. (2002). The it way of loafing on the job: Cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 23(5), 675–694.
- McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1985). Updating Norman’s “adequate taxonomy”: Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 710-721.
- McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 81-90.
- Milyavskaya, M., Saffran, M., Hope, N. and Koestner, R. (2018). Fear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motivation and Emotion, 42, 725–737.
- Norman, W.T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(6), 574-583.
- Örücü, E. and Yıldız, H. (2014). The Personal Internet and Technology Usage at the Workplace: Cyberslacking. Ege Academic Review, 14(1), 99-114.
- Özdamar, K., Odabaşı, Y., Hoşcan, Y., Bir, A.A., İftar, G.K., Özmen, A. and Uzuner, Y. (1999). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi
- Przyblski, A.K., Murayama, K., DeHaan C.R. and Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1841-1848.
- Rogers, A.P. and Barber, L.K. (2019). Addressing FoMO and telepressure among university students: Could a technology intervention help with social media use and sleep disruption? Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 192-199.
- Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013). Research Method for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (Sixth edit). United Kingdom, England: John Wiley & Son.
- Servidio, R. (2019). Self-control and problematic smartphone use among Italian University students: The mediating role of the fear of missing out and of smartphone use patterns. Current Psychology, 40, 4101-4111.
- Shen, Y., Zhang, S. and Xin, T. (2020). Extrinsic academic motivation and social media fatigue: Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators. Current Psychology.
- Shin, C. and Dey, A.K. (2013), Automatically detecting problematic use of smartphones. Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ’13), 335.
- Somer, O. and Goldberg, L.R. (1999). The structure of Turkish trait-descriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 431-450.
- Sowislo, J. F. and Orth, U. (2012). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213-240.
- Stead, H. and Bibby, P.A. (2017). Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 534-540.
- Tan, M. and Demir, M. (2018). İşgörenlerin kişilik özelliklerinin sanal kaytarma davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 4(1), 49-68.
- Terpstra, D.E., and Rozell, E.J. (1993), The Relationship of Staffing Practices to Organizational Level Measures of Performance, Personnel Psychology, 46, 27–48.
- Thomee, S.; Harenstam, A. and Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 11(1), 66.
- Tozkoparan, S.B. and Kuzu, A. (2019). The relationship between fear of missing out (fomo) levels and cyberloafing behaviors of teacher candidates. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 9(1), 87-110.
- Wolniewicz, C.A., Tiamiyu, M.F., Weeks, J.W. and Elhai, J.D. (2018). Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Research, 262, 618-623.
- Yin, L., Wang, P., Nie, J., Guo, J., Feng, J. and Lei, L. (2021). Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: The mediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong. Current Psychology, 40(3), 3879-3887.
- Young, K.S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244.
- Yun, H., Kettinger, W. and Lee, C. (2012). A new open door: The smartphone's impact on work-to-life conflict, stress, and resistance. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 121-152.
- Zoghbi, P., Tacoronte, D.V. and Ding, J.T. (2006). Do current anti-cyberlaofing disciplinary practices have a replica in research findings? A study of the effects of coercive strategies on workplace internet misuse. Internet Research, 16(4), 450-46.