Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs' Social Identity

Murat Avcı; Kadir Ardıç

doi:10.21121/eab.20240408

Research Article

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 607 - 620, 01.11.2024

Murat Avcı , Kadir Ardıç

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240408

Abstract

References

Akarsu, O., & Döven, M. S. (2022). Girişimcilik yönelimini etkileyen faktörler: Teknoparklarda bir araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 143- 164.
Alsos, G. A., Clausen, T. H., Hytti, U., & Solvoll, S. (2016). Entrepreneurs’ social identity and the preference of causal and effectual behaviours in start-up processes. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(3-4), 234-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155742
Brändle, L., Berger, E. S., Golla, S., & Kuckertz, A. (2018). I am what I am-How nascent entrepreneurs’ social identity affects their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbvi.2017.12.001
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity theory. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780195388275.001.0001
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40633190
De Noble, A. F., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 1999(1), 73-87.
Estrada-Cruz, M., Verdú-Jover, A.J., Gómez-Gras, J.M., & Guaita Martinez, J.M. (2020). Entrepreneurial social identity and stakeholders: the socio-economic implications. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 14(1), 128-144. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-10- 2019-0103
Fauchart, E., & Gruber, M. (2011). Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: The role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 935-957. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0211
Franke, N., Gruber, M., Harhoff, D., & Henkel, J. (2006). What you are is what you like - similarity biases in venture capitalists’ evaluations of start-up teams. Journal of Business Venturing. 21(6), 802-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2005.07.001
Gruber, M., & MacMillan, I. C. (2017). Entrepreneurial behavior: A reconceptualization and extension based on identity theory. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 11(3), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1262
Hinkin,T.R.(1995).Areviewofscaledevelopmentpracticesin the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967-988. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100509
Hinkin, T.R. (2005). Scale development principles and practices. In: Swanson, R.A., Holton, E.F. (Eds.), Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, CA, pp. 161-179.
Hisrich, R.D., & Peters, M.P., (2002). Entrepreneurship, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Howard, J. A. (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 367-393. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.367
Insights H. (2020) Compare countries. Available at: https:// www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare- countries/ , 07.03.2023
Jenkins, R. (2008). Social identity. (3rd edition). Routledge, USA
Kalkan, A. (2011). Kişisel tutum, öznel norm ve algılanan davranış kontrolünün girişimcilik niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (14), 189-206.
Kıral, E. (2012). İlköğretim okulu yöneticilerinin mükemmeliyetçilik algısı ve kontrol odağı ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Leaper, C. (2011). More Similarities than Differences in contemporary Theories of social development? Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 337-378. https://doi. org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00009-8
Leitch, C. M., & Harrison, R. T. (2016). Identity, identity formation and identity work in entrepreneurship: conceptual developments and empirical applications. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(3-4), 177- 190. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740
Levenson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41(3), 397. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0035357 Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross– cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1540-6520.2009.0031
McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self–efficacy: Refining the measure. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00304.x
Mueller, S. L. (2004). Gender gaps in potential for entrepreneurship across countries and cultures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 199-220.
Naktiyok, A., Nur Karabey, C., & Caglar Gulluce, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial selfefficacy and entrepreneurial intention: the Turkish case. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), 419-435. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11365-009-0123-6
Ören, K., & Biçkes, D. M. (2011). Kişilik özelliklerinin girişimcilik potansiyeli üzerindeki etkileri (Nevşehir’deki yüksek öğrenim öğrencileri üzerinde yapılan bir araştırma). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 16(3), 67-86.
Pennings, J. M., & Wansink, B. (2004). Channel contract behavior: The role of risk attitudes, risk perceptions, and channel members’ market structures. The Journal of Business, 77(4), 697-724. https://doi.org/10.1086/422633
Powell, E.E., & Baker, T. (2014). It’s what you make of it: founder identity and enacting strategic responses to adversity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1406-1433. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0454
Ratner, B. (2009). The correlation coefficient: Its values range between+ 1/− 1, or do they? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 17(2), 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1057/jt.2009.5
Saylık, A. (2019). Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması; geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 8(3), 1860-1881.
Sezer, C. (2013). Kariyer olarak girişimcilik ve girişimcilik niyetini etkileyen faktörlerin içerik analizi ile belirlenmesi. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 49-60.
Sieger, P., Gruber, M., Fauchart, E., & Zellweger, T. (2016). Measuring the social identity of entrepreneurs: Scale development and international validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(5), 542-572. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.07.001
Startup, www.hofstede-insights.com/country/turkey/, 10.01.2023
Startup, www.getir.com, 10.01.2023
Startup, www.icimdekihazine.com/tr/, 10.01.2023 Startup, www.ihtiyacharitasi.org, 10.01.2023
Startupblink, Global Startup Ecosystem Index 2023 https:// www.startupblink.com/startupecosystemreport, 15.09.2023
StartupCentrum, 2022 Turkish Startup Ecosystem Investment Report. https://startupcentrum.com/report/2022-turkish- startup-ecosystem-investment-report ,15.09.2023
Swierczek, F. W., & Ha, T. T. (2003). Entrepreneurial orientation, uncertainty avoidance and firm performance: an analysis of Thai and Vietnamese SMEs. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 46-58. https://doi. org/10.5367/000000003101299393
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In J. A. Williams & S. Worchel (Eds.). The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2010.07.001
Turkish Statistical Institute, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/ Index?p=Kucuk-ve-Orta-Buyuklukteki-Girisim- Istatistikleri-2021-45685, 15.09.2023
Van Someren, M., Barnard, Y. F., & Sandberg, J. (1994). The think aloud method: a practical approach to modelling cognitive. London: AcademicPress, 11, 29-41.
Zhao, H., Hills, G.E., Seibert, S.E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs' Social Identity

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 607 - 620, 01.11.2024

Murat Avcı , Kadir Ardıç

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240408

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of the Entrepreneurial Social Identity Scale developed by Sieger et al. (2016). The factor structure, construct validity, and reliability of the Turkish version were analyzed. Convergent validity was examined in relation to entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial career motivations. Discriminant validity was tested by examining its relationship with locus of control, subjective norm, risk perception, and uncertainty avoidance. A total of 216 startup founders in technoparks participated. Findings indicated acceptable goodness-of-fit indices for the scale's factor structure, supporting its three-factor structure. In conclusion, there is substantial evidence supporting the psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Social Identity Scale.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship, Startup, Entrepreneurial Social Identity Scale, Validity, Reliability, Psychometric Properties, Turkish Version

References

Akarsu, O., & Döven, M. S. (2022). Girişimcilik yönelimini etkileyen faktörler: Teknoparklarda bir araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 143- 164.
Alsos, G. A., Clausen, T. H., Hytti, U., & Solvoll, S. (2016). Entrepreneurs’ social identity and the preference of causal and effectual behaviours in start-up processes. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(3-4), 234-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155742
Brändle, L., Berger, E. S., Golla, S., & Kuckertz, A. (2018). I am what I am-How nascent entrepreneurs’ social identity affects their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbvi.2017.12.001
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity theory. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780195388275.001.0001
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40633190
De Noble, A. F., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 1999(1), 73-87.
Estrada-Cruz, M., Verdú-Jover, A.J., Gómez-Gras, J.M., & Guaita Martinez, J.M. (2020). Entrepreneurial social identity and stakeholders: the socio-economic implications. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 14(1), 128-144. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-10- 2019-0103
Fauchart, E., & Gruber, M. (2011). Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: The role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 935-957. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0211
Franke, N., Gruber, M., Harhoff, D., & Henkel, J. (2006). What you are is what you like - similarity biases in venture capitalists’ evaluations of start-up teams. Journal of Business Venturing. 21(6), 802-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2005.07.001
Gruber, M., & MacMillan, I. C. (2017). Entrepreneurial behavior: A reconceptualization and extension based on identity theory. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 11(3), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1262
Hinkin,T.R.(1995).Areviewofscaledevelopmentpracticesin the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967-988. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100509
Hinkin, T.R. (2005). Scale development principles and practices. In: Swanson, R.A., Holton, E.F. (Eds.), Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, CA, pp. 161-179.
Hisrich, R.D., & Peters, M.P., (2002). Entrepreneurship, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Howard, J. A. (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 367-393. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.367
Insights H. (2020) Compare countries. Available at: https:// www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare- countries/ , 07.03.2023
Jenkins, R. (2008). Social identity. (3rd edition). Routledge, USA
Kalkan, A. (2011). Kişisel tutum, öznel norm ve algılanan davranış kontrolünün girişimcilik niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (14), 189-206.
Kıral, E. (2012). İlköğretim okulu yöneticilerinin mükemmeliyetçilik algısı ve kontrol odağı ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Leaper, C. (2011). More Similarities than Differences in contemporary Theories of social development? Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 337-378. https://doi. org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00009-8
Leitch, C. M., & Harrison, R. T. (2016). Identity, identity formation and identity work in entrepreneurship: conceptual developments and empirical applications. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(3-4), 177- 190. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740
Levenson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41(3), 397. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0035357 Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross– cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1540-6520.2009.0031
McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self–efficacy: Refining the measure. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00304.x
Mueller, S. L. (2004). Gender gaps in potential for entrepreneurship across countries and cultures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 199-220.
Naktiyok, A., Nur Karabey, C., & Caglar Gulluce, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial selfefficacy and entrepreneurial intention: the Turkish case. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), 419-435. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11365-009-0123-6
Ören, K., & Biçkes, D. M. (2011). Kişilik özelliklerinin girişimcilik potansiyeli üzerindeki etkileri (Nevşehir’deki yüksek öğrenim öğrencileri üzerinde yapılan bir araştırma). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 16(3), 67-86.
Pennings, J. M., & Wansink, B. (2004). Channel contract behavior: The role of risk attitudes, risk perceptions, and channel members’ market structures. The Journal of Business, 77(4), 697-724. https://doi.org/10.1086/422633
Powell, E.E., & Baker, T. (2014). It’s what you make of it: founder identity and enacting strategic responses to adversity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1406-1433. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0454
Ratner, B. (2009). The correlation coefficient: Its values range between+ 1/− 1, or do they? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 17(2), 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1057/jt.2009.5
Saylık, A. (2019). Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması; geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 8(3), 1860-1881.
Sezer, C. (2013). Kariyer olarak girişimcilik ve girişimcilik niyetini etkileyen faktörlerin içerik analizi ile belirlenmesi. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 49-60.
Sieger, P., Gruber, M., Fauchart, E., & Zellweger, T. (2016). Measuring the social identity of entrepreneurs: Scale development and international validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(5), 542-572. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.07.001
Startup, www.hofstede-insights.com/country/turkey/, 10.01.2023
Startup, www.getir.com, 10.01.2023
Startup, www.icimdekihazine.com/tr/, 10.01.2023 Startup, www.ihtiyacharitasi.org, 10.01.2023
Startupblink, Global Startup Ecosystem Index 2023 https:// www.startupblink.com/startupecosystemreport, 15.09.2023
StartupCentrum, 2022 Turkish Startup Ecosystem Investment Report. https://startupcentrum.com/report/2022-turkish- startup-ecosystem-investment-report ,15.09.2023
Swierczek, F. W., & Ha, T. T. (2003). Entrepreneurial orientation, uncertainty avoidance and firm performance: an analysis of Thai and Vietnamese SMEs. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 46-58. https://doi. org/10.5367/000000003101299393
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In J. A. Williams & S. Worchel (Eds.). The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2010.07.001
Turkish Statistical Institute, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/ Index?p=Kucuk-ve-Orta-Buyuklukteki-Girisim- Istatistikleri-2021-45685, 15.09.2023
Van Someren, M., Barnard, Y. F., & Sandberg, J. (1994). The think aloud method: a practical approach to modelling cognitive. London: AcademicPress, 11, 29-41.
Zhao, H., Hills, G.E., Seibert, S.E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265

There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Developmental Economy - Micro, Welfare Economics
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Murat Avcı 0000-0002-2355-1396 Kadir Ardıç 0000-0001-7851-9564
Early Pub Date	October 24, 2024
Publication Date	November 1, 2024
Submission Date	March 6, 2024
Acceptance Date	August 27, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 4

Cite

APA	Avcı, M., & Ardıç, K. (2024). Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity. Ege Academic Review, 24(4), 607-620. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240408
AMA	Avcı M, Ardıç K. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity. ear. November 2024;24(4):607-620. doi:10.21121/eab.20240408
Chicago	Avcı, Murat, and Kadir Ardıç. “Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity”. Ege Academic Review 24, no. 4 (November 2024): 607-20. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240408.
EndNote	Avcı M, Ardıç K (November 1, 2024) Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity. Ege Academic Review 24 4 607–620.
IEEE	M. Avcı and K. Ardıç, “Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity”, ear, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 607–620, 2024, doi: 10.21121/eab.20240408.
ISNAD	Avcı, Murat - Ardıç, Kadir. “Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity”. Ege Academic Review 24/4 (November 2024), 607-620. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20240408.
JAMA	Avcı M, Ardıç K. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity. ear. 2024;24:607–620.
MLA	Avcı, Murat and Kadir Ardıç. “Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 24, no. 4, 2024, pp. 607-20, doi:10.21121/eab.20240408.
Vancouver	Avcı M, Ardıç K. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Entrepreneurs’ Social Identity. ear. 2024;24(4):607-20.

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