Araştırma Makalesi
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Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 657 - 678, 04.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250403

Öz

In the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, the Turkic Republics, sharing a common history, languages, and cultures, embarked on establishing political and economic ties. Numerous scholarly inquiries have since delved into the economic connections and collaborations between these amicable nations. This study endeavors to contribute to the evolving landscape of research on the integration of these Turkic Republics by tracking the growth and development of academic studies concerning Türkiye's economic relations and cooperations with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Employing a bibliometric analysis approach, we delve into the theoretical foundations that underpin these academic investigations. Our analysis focuses on 119 publications drawn from the academic database Web of Science, spanning the years 1993 to 2023. These studies predominantly lean towards the utilization of econometric models and quantitative methods in their exploration of the economic relationships. Remarkably, the most frequently cited journals emerge from the domains of energy, environment, and sustainability, suggesting a clear thematic concentration. However, it is worth noting that the range of subjects covered in the research remains relatively limited, presenting a promising avenue for further exploration and diversification in future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Adanma, U. M., & Ogunbiyi, E. O. (2024), “Evaluating the effectiveness of global governance mechanisms in promoting environmental sustainability and international relations”, Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 6(5), 763-791.
  • Akçapa, M. (2023), “Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı’nın tarihsel gelişimi: Teşkilatın dünü, bugünü ve yarını”, Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(34), 473-491.
  • Akilli, E. (2019), “TURKSOY, Turkic Council and Cultural Diplomacy: Transactionalism Revisited”, Bilig, (91), 1-25.
  • Allaham, M. V. (2022), “Bibliometric Analysis of HR Analytics Literature”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(83), 1147-1169.
  • Al Shaher, S. I. (2022), “Organization of Turkic States: Old Turkish Ideas with Modern Templates”, PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(1), 394-412.
  • Ansari, M. A., Khan, N. A., & Ganaie, A. A. (2019), “Does Foreign Direct Investment Impede Environmental Quality in Asian Countries? A Panel Data Analysis”, OPEC Energy Review, 43(2), 109-135.
  • Arun, K., & Yıldırım, D. Ç. (2017), “Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Intellectual Property, Patents and R&D”, Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 7(2), 226-241.
  • Baghirov, O. (2022), “The Organization of Turkic States’ Economic Potential and Cooperation Prospects among its Members”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 53-73.
  • Bentyn, Z. (2021), “Comparing Of Logistic Performance In Turkey And Poland. Explaining Divergence In Development”, European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
  • Breusch, A., & Pagan, A. (1980), “e Lagrange Multiplier Test and its applications to model specification in econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Budak, M. M., & Terzi, H. M. (2021), “Scholarship Programs as Public Diplomacy Tool and Implementations in Turkic Council Countries”, Bilig, (96 (TBMM’NİN 100. YILI ÖZEL SAYISI)), 229-253.
  • Buyar, C., & Uğur, Ü. N. A. L. (2022), “Contribution of Organization of Turkic States Members to World Heritage at a Time of Cultural Convergence from the Past to the Future”, Bilig, (100), 1-35.
  • Çelik, E. U., Erdal, F. B., Küçüker, M. C., & Tolga, O. M. A. Y. (2023), “How Does Macroeconomic and Sociopolitical Index Affect the Real GDP per Qualified Worker? Evidence from Turkish Republics”, Bilig, (105), 1-38.
  • Çetinkaya, A. F., & Demirel, N. (2024), “Analyzing the impact of the organization of Turkic states on the foreign trade of member countries”, Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2288370.
  • Çınar, K. (2013), “Turkey and Turkic Nations: A Post-Cold War Analysis of Relations”, Turkish Studies, 14(2), 256- 271.
  • Demir, E., Cengiz, M. A., & Şenel, E. (2016), “Türk Dünyasının 1992-2014 Sürecindeki Sosyo-Ekonomik, Akademik Gelişmişlikleri ve Yayın Verimlilikleri Üzerine Bibliyometrik Analiz”, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1).
  • Dölek, Ü. C., Gökçe, M. K., & Azimkhanova, G. (2023), “Scientific Publication Efficiency of Organization of Turkic States Scientists in the Field of Medicine: A Bibliometric Study”, Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 43(2), 195-202.
  • Echchabi, A., & Idrıss, U. (2016), “Does Sukuk Financing Promote Economic Growth? An Emphasis on the Major Issuing Countries”, Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 3(2), 63-73.
  • Erdogan, S. (2022), “Investigating the Effects of Food Production on Sustainable Development: The Case of The Upper Middle‐Income Countries”, Sustainable Development, 30(4), 606-619.
  • Gedikli, A., Erdoğan, S., Kirca, M., & Demir, İ. (2019), “An Analysis of Relationship between Health Expenditures and Life Expectancy: The Case of Turkey and Turkic Republics”, Bilig, 91, 27-52.
  • Guan, C., & Qamruzzaman, M. (2022), “A symmetric and asymmetric nexus between environmental sustainability and tourism development in BRIC nations: What is the role of good governance and globalization?”, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 973420.
  • Güvendi, N. E. (2023), “Evaluation of Research on the Turkish World in the Context of Intercultural Communıcatıon and Communication Sociology”, Ulusal ve Uluslararası Sosyoloji ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 5(2), 281-291.
  • Hirv, T. (2022), “The Interplay of the Size of the Research System, Ways of Collaboration, Level, and Method of Funding in Determining Bibliometric Outputs”, Scientometrics, 127(3), 1295-1316.
  • Humbatov, M., & Sari, K. (2017), “Turkic Council Countries: Infrastructure, Trade, Logistics and Transportation”, Center for Strategic Studies, volume 18-19.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003), “Testing For Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
  • İstikbal, D. (2022), “Türk Dünyasının Ekonomik Geleceği: 2040 Vizyonu”, Kriter Dergi. https://kriterdergi.com/ dosya-turk-devletleri-teskilati/turk-dunyasininekonomik- gelecegi-2040-vizyonu. Access date: 13.02.2024).
  • Jamilov, R. (2013), “Capital Mobility in the Caucasus”, Economic Systems, 37(2), 155-170.
  • Kaplan, M., Yuvaci, A., & Amanov, S. (2015), “One Nation, Many Voices? External Cohesion of the Turkic Council States in the United Nations General Assembly 1993- 2011”, Bilig, (74), 125-149.
  • Kessler, M. M. (1963), “Bibliographic Coupling between Scientific Papers”, American documentation, 14(1), 10- 25.
  • Korkmaz, A., & Kızanlıklı, M. M. (2023), “Geleneksel Spor Oyunlarının Turizme Etkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Kırgızistan Örneği”, MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(3), 1193-1208.
  • Kravtsov, A. A. (2019), “Russia’s Scientific Collaboration with the Post-Soviet States: Assessment on Web of Science Publications”, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 89, 351-369.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
  • McCoskey, S., & Kao, C. (1998), “A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration in Panel Data”, Econometric reviews, 17(1), 57-84.
  • Mercan, M., & Azer, O. A. (2013), “The Relationship between Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Turkey and the Turkish Republics of Central Asia and Caucasia: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis with Structural Breaks”, Eurasian Economic Review, 3, 165- 182.
  • Onifade, S. T., Erdoğan, S., Alagöz, M., & Bekun, F. V. (2021), “Renewables as a Pathway to Environmental Sustainability Targets in the Era of Trade Liberalization: Empirical Evidence from Turkey and the Caspian Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 41663-41674.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”, Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995), “Estimating Long- Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999), “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008), “A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence”, The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105- 127.
  • Reyes-Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Brambila, C. N., & Veloso, F. (2016), “Using Co-Authorship and Citation Analysis to Identify Research Groups: A New Way to Assess Performance”, Scientometrics, 108, 1171-1191.
  • Sandkamp, A. N. (2024), “EU-China trade relations: Where do we stand, where should we go?”, Kiel Policy Brief, (No. 176), https://www.econstor.eu/ handle/10419/297975 (Accessed: 18 February 2025).
  • Senturk, C., & Sataf, C. (2015), “The Determination of Panel Causality Analysis on the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Primary Energy Resources Consumption of Turkey and Central Asian Turkish Republics”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 393-402.
  • Skare, M., & Porada-Rochoń, M. (2019), “Financial and Economic Development Link in Transitional Economies: A Spectral Granger Causality Analysis 1991-2017”, Oeconomia copernicana, 10(1), 7-35.
  • Sobirov, J. (2020), “International Relations Between Turkic Speaking States”, The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 2(12), 144-149.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 657 - 678, 04.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250403

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adanma, U. M., & Ogunbiyi, E. O. (2024), “Evaluating the effectiveness of global governance mechanisms in promoting environmental sustainability and international relations”, Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 6(5), 763-791.
  • Akçapa, M. (2023), “Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı’nın tarihsel gelişimi: Teşkilatın dünü, bugünü ve yarını”, Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(34), 473-491.
  • Akilli, E. (2019), “TURKSOY, Turkic Council and Cultural Diplomacy: Transactionalism Revisited”, Bilig, (91), 1-25.
  • Allaham, M. V. (2022), “Bibliometric Analysis of HR Analytics Literature”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(83), 1147-1169.
  • Al Shaher, S. I. (2022), “Organization of Turkic States: Old Turkish Ideas with Modern Templates”, PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(1), 394-412.
  • Ansari, M. A., Khan, N. A., & Ganaie, A. A. (2019), “Does Foreign Direct Investment Impede Environmental Quality in Asian Countries? A Panel Data Analysis”, OPEC Energy Review, 43(2), 109-135.
  • Arun, K., & Yıldırım, D. Ç. (2017), “Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Intellectual Property, Patents and R&D”, Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 7(2), 226-241.
  • Baghirov, O. (2022), “The Organization of Turkic States’ Economic Potential and Cooperation Prospects among its Members”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 53-73.
  • Bentyn, Z. (2021), “Comparing Of Logistic Performance In Turkey And Poland. Explaining Divergence In Development”, European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
  • Breusch, A., & Pagan, A. (1980), “e Lagrange Multiplier Test and its applications to model specification in econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Budak, M. M., & Terzi, H. M. (2021), “Scholarship Programs as Public Diplomacy Tool and Implementations in Turkic Council Countries”, Bilig, (96 (TBMM’NİN 100. YILI ÖZEL SAYISI)), 229-253.
  • Buyar, C., & Uğur, Ü. N. A. L. (2022), “Contribution of Organization of Turkic States Members to World Heritage at a Time of Cultural Convergence from the Past to the Future”, Bilig, (100), 1-35.
  • Çelik, E. U., Erdal, F. B., Küçüker, M. C., & Tolga, O. M. A. Y. (2023), “How Does Macroeconomic and Sociopolitical Index Affect the Real GDP per Qualified Worker? Evidence from Turkish Republics”, Bilig, (105), 1-38.
  • Çetinkaya, A. F., & Demirel, N. (2024), “Analyzing the impact of the organization of Turkic states on the foreign trade of member countries”, Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2288370.
  • Çınar, K. (2013), “Turkey and Turkic Nations: A Post-Cold War Analysis of Relations”, Turkish Studies, 14(2), 256- 271.
  • Demir, E., Cengiz, M. A., & Şenel, E. (2016), “Türk Dünyasının 1992-2014 Sürecindeki Sosyo-Ekonomik, Akademik Gelişmişlikleri ve Yayın Verimlilikleri Üzerine Bibliyometrik Analiz”, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1).
  • Dölek, Ü. C., Gökçe, M. K., & Azimkhanova, G. (2023), “Scientific Publication Efficiency of Organization of Turkic States Scientists in the Field of Medicine: A Bibliometric Study”, Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 43(2), 195-202.
  • Echchabi, A., & Idrıss, U. (2016), “Does Sukuk Financing Promote Economic Growth? An Emphasis on the Major Issuing Countries”, Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 3(2), 63-73.
  • Erdogan, S. (2022), “Investigating the Effects of Food Production on Sustainable Development: The Case of The Upper Middle‐Income Countries”, Sustainable Development, 30(4), 606-619.
  • Gedikli, A., Erdoğan, S., Kirca, M., & Demir, İ. (2019), “An Analysis of Relationship between Health Expenditures and Life Expectancy: The Case of Turkey and Turkic Republics”, Bilig, 91, 27-52.
  • Guan, C., & Qamruzzaman, M. (2022), “A symmetric and asymmetric nexus between environmental sustainability and tourism development in BRIC nations: What is the role of good governance and globalization?”, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 973420.
  • Güvendi, N. E. (2023), “Evaluation of Research on the Turkish World in the Context of Intercultural Communıcatıon and Communication Sociology”, Ulusal ve Uluslararası Sosyoloji ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 5(2), 281-291.
  • Hirv, T. (2022), “The Interplay of the Size of the Research System, Ways of Collaboration, Level, and Method of Funding in Determining Bibliometric Outputs”, Scientometrics, 127(3), 1295-1316.
  • Humbatov, M., & Sari, K. (2017), “Turkic Council Countries: Infrastructure, Trade, Logistics and Transportation”, Center for Strategic Studies, volume 18-19.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003), “Testing For Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
  • İstikbal, D. (2022), “Türk Dünyasının Ekonomik Geleceği: 2040 Vizyonu”, Kriter Dergi. https://kriterdergi.com/ dosya-turk-devletleri-teskilati/turk-dunyasininekonomik- gelecegi-2040-vizyonu. Access date: 13.02.2024).
  • Jamilov, R. (2013), “Capital Mobility in the Caucasus”, Economic Systems, 37(2), 155-170.
  • Kaplan, M., Yuvaci, A., & Amanov, S. (2015), “One Nation, Many Voices? External Cohesion of the Turkic Council States in the United Nations General Assembly 1993- 2011”, Bilig, (74), 125-149.
  • Kessler, M. M. (1963), “Bibliographic Coupling between Scientific Papers”, American documentation, 14(1), 10- 25.
  • Korkmaz, A., & Kızanlıklı, M. M. (2023), “Geleneksel Spor Oyunlarının Turizme Etkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Kırgızistan Örneği”, MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(3), 1193-1208.
  • Kravtsov, A. A. (2019), “Russia’s Scientific Collaboration with the Post-Soviet States: Assessment on Web of Science Publications”, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 89, 351-369.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
  • McCoskey, S., & Kao, C. (1998), “A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration in Panel Data”, Econometric reviews, 17(1), 57-84.
  • Mercan, M., & Azer, O. A. (2013), “The Relationship between Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Turkey and the Turkish Republics of Central Asia and Caucasia: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis with Structural Breaks”, Eurasian Economic Review, 3, 165- 182.
  • Onifade, S. T., Erdoğan, S., Alagöz, M., & Bekun, F. V. (2021), “Renewables as a Pathway to Environmental Sustainability Targets in the Era of Trade Liberalization: Empirical Evidence from Turkey and the Caspian Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 41663-41674.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”, Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995), “Estimating Long- Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999), “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008), “A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence”, The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105- 127.
  • Reyes-Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Brambila, C. N., & Veloso, F. (2016), “Using Co-Authorship and Citation Analysis to Identify Research Groups: A New Way to Assess Performance”, Scientometrics, 108, 1171-1191.
  • Sandkamp, A. N. (2024), “EU-China trade relations: Where do we stand, where should we go?”, Kiel Policy Brief, (No. 176), https://www.econstor.eu/ handle/10419/297975 (Accessed: 18 February 2025).
  • Senturk, C., & Sataf, C. (2015), “The Determination of Panel Causality Analysis on the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Primary Energy Resources Consumption of Turkey and Central Asian Turkish Republics”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 393-402.
  • Skare, M., & Porada-Rochoń, M. (2019), “Financial and Economic Development Link in Transitional Economies: A Spectral Granger Causality Analysis 1991-2017”, Oeconomia copernicana, 10(1), 7-35.
  • Sobirov, J. (2020), “International Relations Between Turkic Speaking States”, The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 2(12), 144-149.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Ekonomi, Politik Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cemal Zehir 0000-0003-2584-4480

Merve Vural Allaham 0000-0002-3735-3008

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 9 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Zehir, C., & Vural Allaham, M. (2025). Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics. Ege Academic Review, 25(4), 657-678. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250403
AMA Zehir C, Vural Allaham M. Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics. eab. Kasım 2025;25(4):657-678. doi:10.21121/eab.20250403
Chicago Zehir, Cemal, ve Merve Vural Allaham. “Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics”. Ege Academic Review 25, sy. 4 (Kasım 2025): 657-78. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250403.
EndNote Zehir C, Vural Allaham M (01 Kasım 2025) Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics. Ege Academic Review 25 4 657–678.
IEEE C. Zehir ve M. Vural Allaham, “Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics”, eab, c. 25, sy. 4, ss. 657–678, 2025, doi: 10.21121/eab.20250403.
ISNAD Zehir, Cemal - Vural Allaham, Merve. “Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics”. Ege Academic Review 25/4 (Kasım2025), 657-678. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250403.
JAMA Zehir C, Vural Allaham M. Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics. eab. 2025;25:657–678.
MLA Zehir, Cemal ve Merve Vural Allaham. “Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics”. Ege Academic Review, c. 25, sy. 4, 2025, ss. 657-78, doi:10.21121/eab.20250403.
Vancouver Zehir C, Vural Allaham M. Overview of Economic Relationships between Türkiye and Turkic Republics. eab. 2025;25(4):657-78.