Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi

Öz

Bireyin, yaşam boyunca sosyal ilişkilerinde bir takım problemlerle karşılaşması son derece doğaldır. Bireyin bir hedefe ulaşabilmek için karşılaştığı sorunlara yönelik çaba sarf etmesi, problem çözme sürecinin başladığı anlamına gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bireyin kişilik özellikleri ve problem durumuna bakış açısına göre problem çözme eğilimleri de farklı olabilir. Problem çözme, Heppner ve Petersen (1982) tarafından problemlerle veya problem durumu ile başa çıkmak olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Problem çözme sürecinde, bireyin iletişimi, düşünme stilleri, empati kurma becerisi, eleştirel, analitik ve yaratıcı bakış açıları önemlidir (Isaksen, Dorval & Treffinger, 2011; Nacar, 2010). İnsan ilişkilerinde ortaya çıkan sorunların sonucunda ortaya çıkan kişilerarası problemlerin (Horowitz 2004) çözüm sürecinde, bireylerin yönelim ve yaklaşım farklılıklarından dolayı, kişilerarası problem çözme sürecinde, bireylerin geri çekilme, yatıştırma, güç kullanma, uzlaşma ve yüzleşme şeklinde farklı stratejiler kullanabilecekleri belirtilmektedir (Johnson ve Johnson, 1995). Çam ve Tümkaya (2007, 2008) kişilerarası problem çözme sürecini lise ve üniversite öğrencileri örnekleminde, probleme olumsuz yaklaşım, yapıcı problem çözme, kendine güvensizlik, sorumluluk almama ve ısrarcı-sebatkâr yaklaşım boyutlarında incelemektedirler. Probleme olumsuz yaklaşım, kişilerarası bir problemle karşılaşıldığında yaşanan çaresizlik, karamsarlık ve üzüntü gibi yoğun olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerle ilgilidir. Yapıcı problem çözme, kişilerarası bir problem yaşandığında bireyin etkili ve yapıcı biçimde problemi çözmesine katkı sağlayan duygu, düşünce ve davranışlarla ilişkilidir. Israrcı-sebatkâr yaklaşım bireyin kişilerarası ilişkilerinde problem çözümü için ısrarla çaba harcamasını ortaya koymaktadır. Kendine güvensiz yaklaşım bir problemi çözebilme konusunda bireyin sahip olduğu güven eksikliğini; sorumluluk almama ise problem çözme konusundaki sorumluluk üstlenmemeyi ifade etmektedir (Çam & Tümkaya, 2007).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yabancı dil öğretmen adayları, Kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımları, Kontrol odağı

An investigation of interpersonal problem solving approaches of foreign language teacher candidates in the context of locus of control

Öz

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpersonal problem solving approaches and locus of control levels on a basis of different variables, to determine whether or not there was a significant relationship between interpersonal problem solving approaches and locus of control, and to reveal whether or not locus of control and gender significantly predicted the interpersonal problem solving approaches. A total of 262 candidate teachers studying at university level constituted the study group of the research. Interpersonal Problem Solving Inventory and Locus of Control Scale were used while collecting research data. In the analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients technique, independent samples t-test technique and Simultaneous Multiple Regression Analysis test technique were applied. As a result of the research, it was found that there was a significant relationship between foreign language teacher candidates’ interpersonal problem solving approaches and locus of control, and that the variable of gender differentiated at the lack of self-confidence sub-dimension of interpersonal problem solving approaches. Furthermore, it was revealed that locus of control predicted the approaching problems in a negative way. Constructive problem solving, lack of self-confidence, and insistent-persevering approach dimensions of the interpersonal problem solving approaches, and the variable of gender, in addition to locus of control, only had an explanatory effect on the lack of self-confidence dimension.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : Foreign language teacher candidates, Interpersonal problem solving approaches, Locus of control

Kaynakça

1. Altmayer, C. & Koreik, U. (2010). Empirische Forschung zum landeskundlichkulturbezogenen lernen in Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 15 (2), 1-6 [Available online at: http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-15- 2/beitrag/AltmayerKoreik.pdf] Retrieved on December 20, 2014].
2. Anderson, A., Hattie, J. & Hamilton, R.J. (2005). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and motivation in different schools: Is moderation the key to success? Educational Psychology, 25 (5), 517-535.
3. Arslan, C., Hamarta, E., Arslan, E. & Saygın, Y. (2010). An investigation of aggression and interpersonal problem solving in adolescents. Elementary Education Online, 9 (1), 379-388.
4. Baltaş, A. (2000). Ekip çalışması ve liderlik. Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul.
5. Basım, H.N., Çetin, F. & Meydan, C.H. (2009). The role of locus of control in interpersonal conflict resolution approaches. Selçuk University Journal of the Institute Social Sciences 2, 57-69.
6. Bryan, S.L. & Sprague, M.M. (1997). The effect of overseas internships on early teaching experiences. The Clearing House, 70 (4). 199-201.
7. Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2006). University students’ interpersonal problem solving. Çukurova University Journal of the Institute Social Sciences, 15 (2), 119-132.
8. Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2007). Developing the interpersonal problem solving inventory (ipsi): the validity and reliability process. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 28 (3), 95-111.

9. Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2008). Development of interpersonal problem solving inventory for high school students: The validity and reliability process. International Journal of Human Sciences, 5 (2), 1-17.
10. Dağ, İ. (2002). Locus of control scale: scale development, reliability and validity study. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 17 (49), 77-90.
11. Deniz, M.E. (2011). An investigation of decision making styles and the five-factor personality traits with respect to attachment styles. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11, 97-113.
12. De Wied, M., Branje, S.J.T. & Meeus, H.J. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents, Aggressive Behavior, 33, 48–55.
13. Dixon, W.A., Heppner, P.P. & Anderson, W.P. (1991). Problem-solving appraisal, stress, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38 (1), 51-56.
14. Doherty, W.J. (1981). Locus of control differences and marital dissatisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43 (2), 369-377.
15. Dora, S. (2003). Sosyal problem çözme envanteri (revize edilmiş formu)nin türkçe’ye uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Hacettepe University Institute of Social Science, Ankara
16. Essau, C.E. & Trommsdorff, G. (1995). Kontrolorientierung von Jugendlichen in individualistischen und gruppenorientierten Kulturen. [Available online at: https://kops.ub.uni-onstanz.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus98671/Kontrollorientierung_von_Jugendlichen_1995_KOPS9867.pdf?sequence=1] Retrieved on December 21, 2014].
17. Genç, S.Z. & Kalafat, T. (2007). The research on evaluation of prospective teachers’ democratic attitudes and problem solving skills according as different variables. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 22, 10-22.
18. Graf, A. (2003). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer deutschsprachigen Übersetzung des SPSI-R. Zeitschrift für Differnziertielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 24 (4), 277-291.
19. Heppner, P.P. & Baker, C.E. (1997). Applications of the problem solving inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 29, 229-441.
20. Heppner, P.P. & Petersen, C.H. (1982). The development and implications of a personal problem solving inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29 (1), 66-75.
21. Horowitz, L.M. (2004). Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
22. Isaksen, S., Dorval, K. & Treffinger, D. (2011). Creative approaches to problem solving, A Framework for Innovation and Change, 3. Edition, SAGE Publication.
23. Johnson, D.W. & Johnson, R.T. (1995). Teaching Students to be Peacemakers. Minnesota: Interaction Book Company.
24. Köksal, F. (1991). Denetim odağı ile saldırgan davranışlar arasındaki ilişkiler. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Atatürk University Institute of Social Science, Erzurum. Lefcourt, H.M., Martin, R.A. & Fick, C.M. (1985). Locus of control for affiliation and behavior in social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 755- 759.
25. Loosemore, M. & Lam, A.S.Y. (2004). The locus of control: a determinant of opportunistic behavior in construction health and safety. Construction Management and Economics, 22, 385-394.
26. Marsh, H.W., Chanal J.P. & Sarrazin, P.G. (2006). Self-belief does make a difference: a reciprocal effects model of the causal ordering of physical self-concept and gymnastics performance. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24 (1), 101-111.
27. Martin, R., Thomas, G., Charles, K., Epitropaki, O. & McNamara, R. (2005). The role of leader-member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control and work reactions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 141- 147.
28. McCabe, R.E., Blankenstein, K.R. & Mills, J.S. (1999). Interpersonal sensity and social problem solving: relation with academic and social self-depressive symptoms and academic performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(6), 587-604.
29. Morry, M.M. (2003). Perceived locus of control and satisfaction in same-sex friendships, Personal Relationships, 10, 495-509.
30. Nacar. F. (2010). Analysis of the relationship between the communication of the class teachers and their skills to solve ınterpersonal problems. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Çukurova University Institute of Social Science, Adana.
31. Nezu, A.M. (1985) Differences in psychological distress between effective and Ineffective problem solvers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32 (1), 135-138.
32. Oliver, J.E., Jose, P.E. & Brough, P. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of the work locus of control scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 835-851.
33. Otacıoğlu, S.G. (2007). The comparison of problem solving skills of post graduate students in teacher’s colleges in terms of their levels. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 29, 73-83.
34. Öğülmüş, S. (2003). Kişilerarası Sorun Çözme Becerileri ve Eğitimi, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
35. Pehlivan, Z. & Konukman, F. (2004). Comparing the physical education teachers and the other branch teachers in the aspect of problem solving, Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 55-60.
36. Pellegrini, D.S. & Urban, E.S. (1985). An evaluation of interpersonal cognitıve problem solving trainıng with children, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26 (1), 17- 41.
37. Rossier, J., Dahourou, D. & McCrea, R.R. (2005). Structural and mean-level analyses of the five-factor model and locus of control: further evidence from Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 227-246.
38. Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
39. Rotter, J.B. (1990). Internal vs. external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45, 489-493.
40. Serin, O. (2006). The examination of primary school teachers’ problem solving skills in terms of various variables. Education and Science, 31 (142), 80-88.
41. Şahin, N., Şahin, N.H. & Heppner, P.P. (1993). Psychometric properties of the Problem Solving Inventory in a group of Turkish University students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(4), 379–396.
42. Tavlı, O. (2009). Lise öğretmenlerinin problem çözme becerileri ile tükenmişlikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Yeditepe University Institute of Social Science, Istanbul.
43. Tisdelle, D. & Lawrence, J. (1986). Interpersonal problem-solving competency: Review and critique of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 6, 337-356.
44. Twenge, M.J., Zhang, L. & Im, C. (2004). It’s beyond my control: a cross-temporal metaanalyses of increasing externality in locus of control, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 308-319.
45. Yalçın, B., Tetik, S. & Açıkgöz, A. (2010). A study on the determination of the perceptions of problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control of high school students, Journal of organization and management sciences, 2(2), 19-27.
46. Yeşilyaprak, B. (2000). Eğitimde Rehberlik Hizmetleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.