Beliren Yetişkinlerde Yalnızlık ile Yaşam Yönelimi Arasındaki Doğrudan ve Dolaylı İlişkiler: Sürekli Kaygının Aracılık Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, beliren yetişkinlerde sürekli kaygının yaşam yönelimi ile yalnızlık arasındaki ilişkide aracılık rolü üstlenip üstlenmediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla 385 üniversite öğrencisinden (133 erkek ve 252 kadın, yaş ort: 20.56, ss. 2.11) veri toplanmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Yaşam Yönelimi Ölçeği, UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği ve Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, beliren yetişkinlerde yalnızlık ile yaşam yönelimi arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmaktadır. Benzer bir biçimde, yaşam yönelimi ile sürekli kaygı arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Buna karşın, yalnızlık ile sürekli kaygı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki elde edilmiştir. Beliren yetişkinlerde sürekli kaygı puanlarının, yalnızlık ile yaşam yönelimi arasındaki ilişkide aracılık rolü üstlenip üstlenmediğine ilişkin bulgulara göre, yalnızlığın yaşam yönelimi üzerindeki doğrudan etkisinin anlamsız olduğu görülmektedir. Diğer taraftan, yalnızlığın yaşam yönelimi üzerindeki dolaylı etkisinin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bulguya dayanarak, sürekli kaygının yalnızlık ile yaşam yönelimi arasındaki ilişkide tam aracılık rolü üstlendiği söylenebilir. Elde edilen bulgular alanyazını ışığında tartışılmış ve yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yalnızlık
• Yaşam Yönelimi
• Sürekli Kaygı

Direct and Indirect Relationship Between Lonelies and Life Orientation in Emergence Adulthood: The Mediator Role of State Anxiety

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Asher, S. R., & Paquette, J. A. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 75-78.
2. Barnett, M. D., & Adams, C. M. (2018). Ageism and aging anxiety among young adults: relationships with contact, knowledge, fear of death, and optimism. Educational Gerontology, 44(11), 1-8.
3. Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S.(2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32, 483–524.
4. Ben-Zur, H. (2012). Loneliness, optimism, and well-being among married, divorced, and widowed individuals. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 23-36.
5. Betts, L. R., & Bicknell, A. S. (2011). Experiencing loneliness in childhood: Consequences for psychosocial adjustment, school adjustment, and academic performance. In J. B. Bevinn (Ed), New York Psychology of loliness (pp. 1-19), Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
6. Bonetti, L., Campbell, M. A., & Gilmore, L. (2010). The relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children's and adolescents' online communication. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(3), 279-285.
7. Brewer, G., & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255-260.
8. Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 102–111.

9. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları. Caplan, S. E. (2006). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(2), 234-242.
10. Carver, C. S. (2014). Self-control and optimism are distinct and complementary strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 24-26.
11. Carver, C. S., & Gaines, J. G. (1987). Optimism, pessimism, and postpartum depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(4), 449-462.
12. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. R. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: a control-theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
13. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879–889.
14. Cattell, R. B., & Scheier, I. H. (1961). The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York: Ronald Press
15. Chang, E. C. (1998). Does dispositional optimism moderate the relation between perceived stress and psychological well-being?: A preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 233-240.
16. Chang, E. C. (2002). Optimism–pessimism and stress appraisal: Testing a cognitive interactive model of psychological adjustment in adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(5), 675-690
17. Chang, E. C. (2018). Relationship between loneliness and symptoms of anxiety and depression in African American men and women: Evidence for gender as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 138-143.
18. Chang, E. C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1997). Optimism and pessimism as partially independent constructs: Relations to positive and negative affectivity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 433–440
19. Chang, E. C., Sanna, L. J., & Yang, K. M. (2003). Optimism, pessimism, affectivity, and psychological adjustment in US and Korea: a test of a mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1195–1208.
20. Cole, D. A., Peeke, L. G., Martin, J. M., Truglio, R., & Seroczynski, A. D. (1998). A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(3), 451.
21. Çolak, T. S., Eren, G. ve Doğan, U. (2017). İlkokul öğrencilerinin sürekli kaygı, yetkinlik ve üzüntü yönetimine ilişkin araştırma. İlköğretim Online, 16(1), 151-160.
22. Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14–18.
23. DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1997). Social and emotional loneliness: A re-examination of Weiss' typology of loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(3), 417-427.
24. DiTommaso, E., Brannen-McNulty, C., Ross, L., & Burgess, M. (2003). Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(2), 303-312.
25. DiTommasso E., & Spinner B. (1993). The development and initial validation ofsocial and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Difference, 14(1),127–134.
26. Ebesutani, C., Fierstein, M., Viana, A. G., Trent, L., Young, J., & Sprung, M. (2015). The role of loneliness in the relationship between anxiety and depression in clinical and school‐based youth. Psychology in the Schools, 52(3), 223-234.
27. Engels, R. C. M. E., Dekovic, M., & Meeus, W. (2002). Parenting practices, social skills and peer relationships in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 3–18.
28. Ey, S., Hadley, W., Allen, D. N., Palmer, S., Klosky, J., Deptula, D., Thomas, J., & Cohen, R. (2005). A new measure of children's optimism and pessimism: The youth life orientation test. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(5), 548-558.
29. Fietz, J., Valencia, N., & Silani, G. (2018). Alexithymia and autistic traits as possible predictors for traits related to depression, anxiety, and stress: A multivariate statistical approach. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 24(4), 901-908.
30. Fontaine, R. G., Yang, C., Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Petit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2009). Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence. Developmental Psychopathology, 21, 479–491.
31. Germann, J. N., Leonard, D., Heath, C. L., Stewart, S. M., & Leavey, P. J. (2017). Hope as a predictor of anxiety and depressive symptoms following pediatric cancer diagnosis. Journal of pediatric psychology, 43(2), 152-161.
32. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Grežo, M., & Sarmány-Schuller, I. (2018). Do Emotions Matter? The Relationship Between Math Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, and Problem Solving Ability. Studia Psychologica, 60(4), 226-244.
34. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420.
35. Huan, V. S., Ang, R. P., & Chye, S. (2014). Loneliness and shyness in adolescent problematic internet users: the role of social anxiety. Child & Youth Care Forum, 43 (5), 539-551.
36. Huberty, T. J. (2012). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Springer New York.
37. Jackson, T., Soderlind, A., & Weiss, K. E. (2000). Personality traits and quality of relationships as predictors of future loneliness among American college students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 28(5), 463-470.
38. Jacobs, R. J., & Kane, M. N. (2012). Correlates of loneliness in midlife and older gay and bisexual men. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 24(1), 40-61.
39. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.
40. Köknel, Ö. (1987). Kaygı çağında stres. İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi. MacKinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other ıntervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
41. Marcoen, A., & Brumagne, M. (1985). Loneliness among children and young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 1025. Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K., & Vickers, R. R. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1067–1074.
42. Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A.(2002). Abnormal child psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth Group.
43. McGuire, S., & Clifford, J. (2000). Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in children. Psychological Science, 11(6), 487-491.
44. McWhirter, B. T. (1990). Factor analysis of the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 9, 56
45. Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y., & Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 213-218.
46. Montgomery, R. L., Haemmerlie, F. M., & Ray, D. M. (2003). Psychological correlates of optimism in college students. Psychological Reports, 92(2), 545-547.
47. Nes, L. S., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 235-251.
48. Neto, F., & Barros, J. (2000). Psychosocial concominants of loneliness among students of Cape Verde and Portugal. Journal of Psychology, 134(5), 245– 255.
49. Nurmi J, Toivonen S, Salmela‐Aro K., & Eronen S. (1996). Optimistic, approach‐oriented,and avoidance strategies in social situations: three studies on loneliness and peerrelationships. Euro Journal of Personality, 10(3): 201–219
50. Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Süreksiz Durumluk / Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları
51. Page, R. M. & Scanian, A. (1994). Childhood loneliness and isolation: Implications and strategies for childhood educators. Child Study Journal, 24, 107-119.
52. Papay, J. P., & Spielberger, C. D. (1986). Assessment of anxiety and achievement in kindergarten and first-and second-grade children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(2), 279-286.
53. Pathak, V. R., & Mhaske, R. S. (2017). Loneliness and anxiety among mobile phone addicted college students. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 8(10), 1174-1177.
54. Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L.A. Peplau veD.Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp.1-18) New York: John Wiley.
55. Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44–55.
56. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
57. Prokopcáková, A. (2015). Personal need for structure, anxiety, self-efficacy and optimism. Studia Psychologica, 57(2), 147-162.
58. Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Munn, P., & Rotenberg, K. J. (2010). Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: an 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(6), 493-501.
59. Räikkönen, K., Matthews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999). Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 104–113.
60. Rajandram, R. K., Ho, S. M., Samman, N., Chan, N., McGrath, C., & Zwahlen, R. A. (2011). Interaction of hope and optimism with anxiety and depression in a specific group of cancer survivors: a preliminary study. BMC Research Notes, 4(1), 519-526.
61. Rius‐Ottenheim, N., Kromhout, D., van der Mast, R. C., Zitman, F. G., Geleijnse, J. M., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Dispositional optimism and loneliness in older men. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(2), 151-159.
62. Rius‐Ottenheim, N., Kromhout, D., van der Mast, R. C., Zitman, F. G., Geleijnse, J. M., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Dispositional optimism and loneliness in older men. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(2), 151-159.
63. Rokach, A., & Neto, F. (2000). Coping with loneliness in adolescence: A cross-cultural study. Social Behavior and Personality, 28, 329–342.
64. Rosenstreich, E., Feldman, D. B., Davidson, O. B., Maza, E., & Margalit, M. (2015). Hope, optimism and loneliness among first-year college students with learning disabilities: A brief longitudinal study. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 30(3), 338-350.
65. Rotenberg, K. J. (1999). An introduction. Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. In Rotenberg, K. J., & Hymel, S. (Eds.). Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. (pp.1-8) Cambridge University Press.
66. Russell, D, Cutrona, C., Rose, J., & Yurko, K., (1984). Social and emotional loneliness:an examination of Weiss’s typology of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholgy, 46(6),1313–1321
67. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (39), 472–480.
68. Sadigh, M., Himmanen, S., & Scepansky, J. (2014). An investigation of the prevalence of insomnia in college students and its relationship to trait anxiety. College Student Journal, 48(3), 397-406.
69. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health – Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247
70. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063.
71. Scott, G. G., Boyle, E. A., Czerniawska, K., & Courtney, A. (2018). Posting photos on Facebook: The impact of narcissism, social anxiety, loneliness, and shyness. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 67-72.
72. Seligman, M. E. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: AA Knopf.
73. Seligman, M. E., Walker, E. F., & Rosenhan, D. L. (2001). Abnormal psychology (pp. 265-267). New York, NY, USA: Norton.
74. Sharpe, J. P., Martin, N. R., & Roth, K. A. (2011). Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality: Beyond neuroticism and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 946-951
75. Shrout, P. E. ve Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations, Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
76. Siddique, H. I., LaSalle-Ricci, V. H., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., & Díaz, R. J. (2006). Worry, optimism, and expectations as predictors of anxiety and performance in the first year of law school. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(5), 667-676.
77. Simpson, H. B., Neria, Y., Lewis-Fernández, R., & Schneier, F. (2010). Introduction: the need for interdisciplinary approaches In Simpson, H. B., Neria, Y., Lewis-Fernández, R., ve Schneier, F. (Eds.). (2010). Anxiety disorders: Theory, research and clinical perspectives. (pp1-5) Cambridge University Press.
78. Singh, I., & Jha, A. (2013). Anxiety, optimism and academic achievement among students of private medical and engineering colleges: a comparative study. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 222.
79. Smith, T. W., Pope, K. M., Rhodewalt, F., & Poulton, J. L. (1989). Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternative interpretation of The Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 640-648
80. Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York: Free Press.
81. Song, Y., & Li, B. (2019). Locus of Control and Trait Anxiety in Aged Adults: the Mediating Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(1), 13-21.
82. Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Current trends in theory and research on anxiety. In Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research, Volume 1 (pp. 3-19), New York: Akademic Press.
83. Spielberger, C. D. (1973). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children: Preliminary manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
84. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press
85. Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K. M., Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Optimism in close relationships: How seeing things in a positive light makes them so. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 143–153.
86. Storch, E. A., & Masia-Warner, C. (2004). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescent females. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 351-362.
87. Terrell-Deutsch, B. (1999). The conceptualization and measurement of childhood loneliness In Rotenberg, K. J., & Hymel, S. (Eds.). Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. (pp.11-33) Cambridge University Press.
88. Tezer, E. ve Aydın, G, (1991) İyimserlik, sağlık sorunları ve akademik başları ilişkisi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(26), 2-9.
89. Tovote, P., Fadok, J. P., & Lüthi, A. (2015). Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(6), 317.
90. Twenge, J. M. (2000). The age of anxiety?: Birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism 1952–1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1007–1021.
91. Uchida, Y., Takahashi, T., Katayama, S., Masuya, J., Ichiki, M., Tanabe, H., Kusumi, I. & Inoue, T. (2018). Influence of trait anxiety, child maltreatment, and adulthood life events on depressive symptoms. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 3279.
92. Vasey, M. W., Crnic, K. A., & Carter, W. G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 529–549.
93. Villada, C., Hidalgo, V., Almela, M., & Salvador, A. (2016). Individual differences in the psychobiological response to psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test): the relevance of trait anxiety and coping styles. Stress and Health, 32(2), 90-99.
94. Warning, L. M. (2011). Are You Positive?: The Influence of Life Orientation on the Anxiety Levels of Nursing Students. Holistic Nursing Practice, 25(5), 254-257.
95. Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing unto others (pp. 17-26). Englewood cliffs; New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
96. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge: MIT Press.
97. Weiss, R.S. (1989). Reflections on the present state of loneliness research. In M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research and applications. London: Sage.
98. Zhang, L., Wang, K., Zhu, C., & Huijuan, M. A. (2011). Trait anxiety has effect on decision making under ambiguity, but not decision making under risk. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science, 20(11), 980-982.