The COVID-19 Crisis and the Digitalisation Trend in Public Space

Yıl 2021, , 309 - 319, 27.12.2021

Öznur Akgiş İlhan

https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.984882

Öz

We have witnessed and continue to have unprecedented restrictions on urban public space worldwide after the restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 crisis. In this process, digital technologies have become increasingly visible in public spaces. In this context, the research focused on the digitalization trend created by COVID-19 in the public space. The news published in the international media on the digital transformation of the public space was compiled, and the integrative systematic approach was used as a research pattern. Related news was analyzed by thematic content analysis after the stages of reviewing, searching, and passing evidence, determining the quality of the evidence and the relevance to the research subject. The research findings confirm the assumption of the digitalization trend in public space. The areas where digitalization is most visible are governance, communication and transportation, and urban tourism. Research findings show that digital technologies have the potential to be a transformative force in the planning and design of cities and public spaces during and after the COVID-19 process. This digitalization trend also confirms the necessity of reviewing the smart cities approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

City, Public Space, Digitalisation, Digitalisation of Space, COVID-19

COVID-19 KRİZİ VE KAMUSAL MEKÂNDA DİJİTALLEŞME EĞİLİMLERİ

Öz

COVID-19 krizi boyunca uygulanan kısıtlamalar sonrası dünya genelinde kentsel kamusal mekân kullanımında benzeri görülmemiş kısıtlamalara tanık olunmuştur. Bu süreçte dijital teknolojiler kamusal mekânlarda da giderek daha görünür hale gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda araştırmada COVID-19’un kamusal mekân üzerinde yarattığı dijitalleşme eğilimine odaklanılmıştır. Kamusal mekânın dijital dönüşümüne ilişkin uluslararası medyada çıkan haberler derlenmiş ve araştırma deseni olarak bütünleştirici sistematik yaklaşımdan faydalanılmıştır. İlgili haberler gözden geçirme, kanıt arama ve geçme, kanıtların niteliği ve araştırma konusu ile ilginin belirlenmesi aşamalarından sonra tematik içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları kamusal mekândaki dijitalleşme eğilimi varsayımını doğrulamaktadır. Dijitalleşmenin en görünür olduğu alanlar ise yönetişim, iletişim ve ulaşım ve kent turizmidir. Araştırma bulguları dijital teknolojilerin COVID-19 süreci ve sonrasında kentlerin ve kamusal mekânların planlama ve tasarımında dönüştürücü bir güç olma potansiyeli taşıdığını göstermektedir. Bu dijitalleşme eğilimi aynı zamanda akıllı kentler yaklaşımının da yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerekliliğini doğrulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kent, Kamusal Mekân, Dijitalleşme, Mekânın Dijitalleşmesi, COVID-19

Kaynakça

• Bauriedl, S., Strüver, A. 2020. Platform urbanism: Technocapitalist production of private and public spaces. Urban Planning, 5(4), 267-276.
• Bonni, A.L. 2020. Digital rights in the COVID-19 era. https://eurocities.eu/latest/digital-rights-in-the-covid-19-era/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Booth, W., Spolar, C., Rolfe, P. 2020. Vast coronavirus “field hospitals” fill spaces that hosted weddign expos and dog shows. The Washinghton Post . https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/coronavirus-fieldhospitals/2020/03/31/3a05ba28-6f0f-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Esteve Corbera , I. A., Honey-Rosés, J., RuizMallén, I. 2020. Academia in the time of COVID-19: Towards an ethics of care, Planning Theory & Practice, 21 (2), 191-199.
• Cutieru, A. 2020. How Has Public Space Changed in 2020? https://www.archdaily.com/953517/how-has-public-space-changed-in-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Erbaş, A.E., Bengü, D. (2018). Şehircilik ve kamusallık ilişkisinde ekinsel üretimin rolü ve etkisi. Planlama, 28 (2), 127-142
• Gürcistan Halkla İlişkiler Dairesi. 2020. Georgia Internet Access for COVID-19 Update. https://broadband.georgia.gov/georgia-internet-access-covid-19-update (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Gendall, J. (2020). COVID-19 Has Shown We All Neen Public Space More Than Ever. https://knightfoundation.org/articles/covid-has-shown-we-all-need-public-space-more-than-ever/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Goffman, E. 2017. Kamusal Alanda İlişkiler: Toplu Yaşamın Mikro İncelemeleri. Heretik Yayınları, Ankara
• Google 2020. Mobility Reports. 03.02.2021 tarihinde https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Habermas, J. 2017. Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul
• Jasiński, A. 2020. Public space or safe space–remarks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technical Transactions, 117 (1), 1-10.
• Kahraman, M. D., Türkoğlu, H. 2017. Public: Up in the air or in the ordinal scale, Planlama, 27 (2), 141-151.
• KPGM. 2020. Smart City Transformation in a Post-COVID World: Reimagining the Digital Transformation of Our Cities on the Road to Recovery From COVID-19. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/au/pdf/2020/smart-city-transformation-in-post-covid-world.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Laker, L. 2020. World cities turn their streets over to walk- ers and cyclists. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/11/world-cities-turn-their-streets-over-to-walkers-and-cyclists#maincontent (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Lefevbre, H. 2010, Gündelik Hayatın Eleştirisi III: Moderniteden Modernizme. Sel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
• Low S., Smith N. 2006. The politics of public space, Routledge, New York.
• McKell K. 2021. How Smart Cities Can Defend Against Pandemics. https://www.iotforall.com/how-smart-cities-can-defend-against-pandemics (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Mitra, A., Schwartz R.L. 2001, From cyber space to cybernetic space: Rethinking the relationship between real and virtual spaces, Journal of Computer-mediated Communication https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00134.x (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Nguyen, M. H., Gruber, J., Fuchs, J., Marler, W., Hunsaker, A., Hargittai, E. 2020. Changes in digital communication during the COVID-19 global pandemic: Implications for digital inequality and future research. Social Media + Society, 6(3) 1-6.
• OECD. 2021. Cities Policy Responses https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126769-yen45847kf&title=Coronavirus-COVID-19-Cities-Policy-Responses (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Oxford Business Group. 2020. What is the future for smart cities after Covid-19? https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/what-future-smart-cities-after-covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Paul, J., Criado, A. R. 2020. The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know? International Business Review, 29(4), 1-7.
• Prideaux, B., Singer, P. 2005. Space tourism: A future dream or a cyber-tourism reality?. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 27-35.
• Languillon-Aussel, R. 2021. Digitalisation of public spaces: the great urban change? Journal of Urban Research. https://journals.openedition.org/articulo/4518 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Rannard, G. 2020 Coronavirus: Challenge of reshaping UK cities after lockdown, BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52524807 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Ross, G. F. 2005. Cyber-tourism and social capital: Ethics, trust and sociability. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 87-95.
• Sennett, R. 2018. Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Niroux.
• Sennett, R. 2016. Kamusal İnsanın Çöküşü. Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Sharif, M.M. 2021. How could cities help solve pandemic inequalities?. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201109-coronavirus-how-cities-travel-and-family-life-will-change (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Sharma, G. D., Thomas, A., Paul, J. 2021. Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100786.
• Thambiran, S. S. M. 2020. How COVID Accelerated Smart City Development. https://gcn.com/articles/2020/10/15/smart-cities-post-covid.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Torlak, S. 2016. Mekan Meselesine Bir Giriş. Merrifield, A., Negri, A., Bayat, A., Harvey, D., Wacquant, L., Amoros, M. ve Torlak, S. Mekan Meselesi İçinde (11-26). Tekin Yayınevi, İstanbul
• Toronto Free Wi-Fi Pilot Project. 2020. COVID-19: Free Wi-Fi Pilot Project. https://www.toronto.ca/home/covid-19/covid-19-financial-social-support-for-people/covid-19-seniors-vulnerable-people/covid-19-free-wi-fi-pilot-project/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• UNDP. 2020. COVID response: Digital transformation, https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/coronavirus/regional-response-to-COVID19/digitaltransformation.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Van Heek J., Arning K., Ziefle M. 2015. Safety and Privacy Perceptions in Public Spaces: An Empirical Study on User Requirements for City Mobility. Internet of Things. IoT Infrastructures (Ed. Giaffreda R., Cagáňová D., Li Y., Riggio R. ve Voisard A.) içinde s. 97-103. Springer, Cham
• Valentino-DeVries, L., Dance, G.J.X. 2020. Location data says it all: staying at home during Coronavirus is a luxury. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/03/us/coronavirus-stay (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)
• Van Holstein E. 2018. Digital geographie of grassroots securitization, Social & Cultural Geography, 19(8), 1097-1105.
• Victor, L. 2008. Systematic reviewing. Social Research Update, 54(1), 1-4.
• Yavaşlı D.D. 2020 Drone Applications in Geography: Game of Drones, Current Studies in Social Sciences - II (Ed. Balcıoğulları A., Şahin M. C.) içinde, s. 117-131, Akademisyen Yayınevi.
• Zadek,S. 2020. Harnessing COVID-19’s Digital Dividend to Finance the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/harnessing-covid-19-digital-dividend-digitalization-finance-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021)