Ultrasonik Lamb Dalgaları Kullanılarak Kompozit Malzemelerde Yüzey Hasarlarının İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmada kompozit malzemelerdeki hasarların hava temaslı ultrasonik yöntemle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Hasarlı malzemelerin C-tarama görüntülerini elde etmek için ultrasonik lamb dalgaları kullanıldı. Bu araştırmada kullanılan malzemelerin yüzeylerinden veri elde etmek için bir çift düzlemsel hava temaslı transduser (500 kHz-Ultran Group-ABD) ve hava temaslı bir tarama sistemi (MISTRAS-EPA, Fransa) kullanılmıştır. Bu dönüştürücüler, kuzu dalgalarını elde etmek için farklı geliş açılarında yerleştirildi. A-tarama sinyalleri olarak elde edilen veriler, txt verisi formatında kaydedildi. Bu txt verileri, malzemelerin yüzeylerinin C-tarama görüntülerini çizmek için MATLAB kodlarıyla işlendi. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, kompozit malzemelerdeki yüzey hasarlarının ultrasonik lamb dalgaları kullanılarak karakterize edilebileceğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tahribatsız test
• hava temaslı ultrasonik
• yüzey hasarları
• kompozit
• balpeteği sandviç kompozitler

Investigation of Surface Damages in Composite Materials Using Ultrasonic Lamb Waves

Öz

In this research, it was aimed to figure out the damages in composite materials using air-coupled ultrasonic method. The ultrasonic lamb waves were used to obtain C-scan images of damaged materials. A couple of planar air coupled transducers (500 kHz-Ultran Group-USA) and an air-coupled scanning system (MISTRAS-EPA, France) were used for obtaining the data from the surfaces of materials used in this research. These transducers were located in different incidence angles for obtaining the lamb waves. The data obtained as A-scan signals was saved in txt data. This txt data was processed with the MATLAB codes for drawing C-scan images of the surfaces of materials. The results obtained from this research showed that the surface damages in composite materials can be characterized with using ultrasonic lamb waves.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Non-destructive testing
• air–coupled ultrasonic
• surface damages
• composites
• honeycomb sandwich composites

Kaynakça

1. [1] Anastasi R.F., "Investigation of fiber waviness in a thick glass composite beam using THz NDE," in 15th International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials & Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, SPIE, 2008, pp. 69340–69348.
2. [2] Ekrem M.,"Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoplates-Nano Ag / Epoxy Composites: Production, Mechanical and Thermal Properties",El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering,2019,6(3):585-593
3. [3] Ergul E., Kurt H.I., Civi C., and Eyici G.,"Wear Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Al2024 Composites",El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering,2020,7(3):1008-1016
4. [4] Ghahramanzadeh Asl H., Sağsöz Ö., and Kara L.,"Investigation of Mechanical and Wear Properties of 5 different CAD/CAM Restorative Materials",El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering,2020,7(1):57-66
5. [5] Li R.W.K., Chow T.W., and Matinlinna J.P.,"Ceramic dental biomaterials and CAD/CAM technology: State of the art",Journal of Prosthodontic Research,2014,58(4):208-216
6. [6] Ekrem M.,"Mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber mats by electrospinnig method",El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering,2017,4(2):190-200
7. [7] Higazy A.A., Afifi H., Khafagy A.H., El-Shahawy M.A., and Mansour A.M.,"Ultrasonic studies on polystyrene/styrene butadiene rubber polymer blends filled with glass fiber and talc",Ultrasonics,2006,44(SUPPL.):e1439-e1445
8. [8] Lawandy S.N., Halim S.F., and Afifi H.A.,"Ultrasonic and mechanical measurements for the detection of crosslink density of SBR and NBR based on various curing systems",Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,112(1):366-371

9. [9] Oral I., Soydal U., and Bentahar M.,"Ultrasonic characterization of andesite waste-reinforced composites",Polymer Bulletin,2017,74(5):1899-1914
10. [10] Farzi G., Lezgy-Nazargah M., Imani A., Eidi M., and Darabi M.,"Mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of epoxy-OAT composites",Construction and Building Materials,2019,197(1):12-20
11. [11] Kusakli S., Kocaman S., Ceyhan A.A., and Ahmetli G.,"Improving the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy composites using flame retardants with red mud waste",Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2021,138(13):
12. [12] Papadakis E.P., "5 - Ultrasonic Velocity and Attenuation: Measurement Methods with Scientific and Industrial Applications," in Physical Acoustics, vol. 12, W. P. Mason and R. N. Thurston Eds.: Academic Press, 1976, pp. 277-374.
13. [13] Thompson R.B.,"Laboratory nondestructive evaluation technology for materials characterization",Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,1996,15(3):163-176
14. [14] Yaşar B.A., Köse M.M., Avğın S., and Temiz H.,"Determination of elasticity modulus for low strength concrete",El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering,2020,7(3):1384-1397
15. [15] Oral I., Guzel H., and Ahmetli G.,"Measuring the Young's modulus of polystyrene-based composites by tensile test and pulse-echo method",Polymer Bulletin,2011,67(9):1893-1906
16. [16] Abd El-Aal N.S. and Afifi H.A.,"Structure and ultrasonic properties of vanadium tellurite glasses containing copper oxide",Archives of Acoustics,2009,34(4):641-654
17. [17] El-Mallawany R. and Afifi H.,"Elastic moduli and crosslinking of some tellurite glass systems",Materials Chemistry and Physics,2013,143(1):11-14
18. [18] Bhardwaj M.C. "Non-contact ultrasound: The last frontier in nondestructive testing and evaluation." www.ultrangroup.com/Company/Publications/PDF/esm1.pdf. (accessed 25.11, 2020).
19. [19] Buckley J., "Air-coupled ultrasound – a millennial review”," presented at the 15th World Conf.on NDT (WCNDT), Rome, 2010. [Online]. Available: www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn507/.
20. [20] Strycek J.O. and Loertscher H. "Ultrasonic air-coupled inspection of advanced material." NDT.net. www.ultrasonic.de/ article/v04n12/qmi/qmi.htm (accessed 25.11, 2020).
21. [21] Bustamante L., Jeyaprakash N., and Yang C.H.,"Hybrid laser and air-coupled ultrasonic defect detection of aluminium and CFRP plates by means of Lamb mode",Results in Physics,2020,19(1):1-10
22. [22] Chakrapani S.K., Barnard D.J., and Dayal V., "Review of ultrasonic testing for NDE of composite wind turbine blades," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019, vol. 2102, doi: 10.1063/1.5099831.
23. [23] Oral I. and Guzel H., "Characterization of Flaws in Honeycomb Sandwich Composites by Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Method," presented at the IV. International Academic Research Congress (INES2018), Alanya, Turkey., 30 October- 03 November, 2018.
24. [24] Farlow R., Kelly S.P., and Hayward G., "Advances in air coupled NDE for rapid scanning applications," in 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 31 Oct.-3 Nov. 1994 1994, vol. 2, pp. 1099-1102 vol.1092, doi: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1994.401781.
25. [25] Hutchins D.A., Wright W.M.D., Hayward G., and Gachagan A., "Evaluation of Fiber Reinforced Composites Using a Non-Contact Laser/ Air-Transducer System," Ph.D., University of Warwick, England, 1996.
26. [26] Li Y., He C., Lyu Y., Song G., and Wu B.,"Crack detection in monocrystalline silicon solar cells using air-coupled ultrasonic lamb waves",NDT and E International,2019,102(1):129-136
27. [27] Strycek J.O., Grandia W.A., and Loertscher H.,"Wave modes produced by aircoupled ultrasound",NDT.net,1997,2(5):1-5
28. [28] Kažys R., Demčenko A., Žukauskas E., and Mažeika L.,"Air-coupled ultrasonic investigation of multi-layered composite materials",Ultrasonics,2006,44(1):e819-e822
29. [29] Viktorov I.A., Rayleigh and Lamb Waves, Physical Theory and Applications. New York: Plenum Press, 1967.
30. [30] Rose J.L., Hay T., and Agarwala V.S. "Skin to Honeycomb Core Delamination Detection with Guided Waves." https://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn271/idn271.htm (accessed 25.11, 2020).
31. [31] Mindlin R.D., "Waves and Vibrations in Isotropic, Elastic Plates," in Structural Mechanics, J. N. G. a. N. J. Hoff Ed. New York: Pergamon, 1960, pp. 199-232.
32. [32] Kudela P., Ostachowicz W., and Żak A.,"Damage detection in composite plates with embedded PZT transducers",Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2008,22(6):1327-1335
33. [33] Castaings M. and Hosten B.,"The use of electrostatic, ultrasonic, air-coupled transducers to generate and receive Lamb waves in anisotropic, viscoelastic plates",Ultrasonics,1998,36(1):361-365
34. [34] Tian Z. and Yu L.,"Lamb wave frequency-wavenumber analysis and decomposition",Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,2014,25(1):1107-1123
35. [35] Chennamsetti R., Padiyar M.J., Balasubramaniam K., Joshi M., and Chitti Venkata K.,"Delamination Size Detection using Time of Flight of Anti-symmetric (Ao) and Mode Converted Ao mode of Guided Lamb Waves",Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,2010,21(1):817-825
36. [36] Barnard D. "Nondestructive Evaluation for Damage in Composites and Their Repair." The National Technical Information Service (NTIS). http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/tc14-27.pdf (accessed 25.11., 2020).
37. [37] Kessler S., Spearing S.M., Atalla M., Cesnik C., and Soutis C., Structural health monitoring in composite materials using frequency response methods (6th Annual International Symposium on NDE for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics). SPIE, 2001.