Edirne Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi’ndeki Unguentariumlar

Öz

Edirne Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi’ne zor alım, el koyma, bağış, satın alma gibi çeşitli yollarla kazandırılan 37 adet pişmiş toprak unguentarium, çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Sistemli kazı çalışmaları sonucunda ortaya çıkarılmamaları, buluntu yerlerine ilişkin verilerin kısıtlı olmasına neden olmuştur. Üç örnek Marmara Adası’ndaki bir kuyudan, bir örnek ise Edirne Eski İstanbul Caddesi Temel Kazısı’ndan gelmiştir. Diğer buluntuların nereden geldiği tespit edilememiştir. Bazı örneklerde kırıklar olmakla birlikte, çoğu tam korunmuştur. Unguentariumların en kısası 8.2 cm, en uzunu ise 19.6 cm’dir. Kilin arkeometrik analizleri yapılmamıştır. Ancak, bazılarının sert, bazılarının ise yumuşak yapıda ve kireç ile taşçık katkılı oldukları belirtilebilir. Kil renkleri; kırmızı, pembe, gri ve kahverenginin farklı tonlarındadır. Üç örneğin ağız ve boynu, bir örneğin ise yüzeyinin tamamı firnis ile kaplanmıştır. Ayrıca dört örnek üzerinde firnis, bantlar biçiminde bezeme unsuru olarak kullanılmıştır. Nadir bir biçimde karşımıza çıkan kulplu unguentariumlar, burada tek örnek ile temsil edilmiştir. Kulplar, işlevsiz sepet kulp biçimindedir. Gerek buluntu yerleri hakkındaki sınırlı bilgiler, gerek malzeme, gerekse kil ocaklarına ilişkin analizlerin yapılmamış olması ve genel bir analiz datasının bulunmaması, üretim merkezi veya atölye hakkında bilgi edinilmesini olanaklı kılmamıştır. MÖ 4. yüzyılın sonundan MS 2. yüzyılın sonuna kadar form olarak, değişikliklere uğrayarak varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Süreç içinde gerçekleşen form farklılıkları dikkate alınarak, unguentariumlar iki ana tip ve on grup altında incelenmişlerdir. Grupların ortaya çıkış ve tedavülden kalkış tarihlerinde, kısmen de olsa kronolojik gelişimi takip etmek mümkündür. Ancak, bazı grupların uzun süre beraber kullanılmış olmaları, tarihlendirmelerde kesin ayrımları zorlaştırmaktadır. Kısa zaman aralıklarında ve keskin bir biçimde gerçekleşmeyen form değişimlerinden, dönemin modası, ihtiyaçlar, talepler, yenilikçi ve gelenekçi ustalar/atölyeler gibi birçok neden rol oynamış olmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Edirne Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi
• Unguentarium
• Hellenistik
• Roma.

Unguentaria in the Edirne Arhaeology and Etnography Museum

Öz

The subject of this study consists of 37 terracotta unguentaria which were brought to Edirne Archeology and Ethnography Museum in various ways such as seizure, confiscation, donation and purchase. The fact that they were not unearthed as a result of systematic excavations resulted in limited data regarding their findspots. Three samples were obtained from a well on Marmara Island, and one sample came from the Edirne Old Istanbul Street Foundation Excavation. The provenance of the other finds could not be determined. Although there are fractures in some samples, most of them are fully preserved. The shortest of the unguentaria is 8.2 cm and the longest is 19.6 cm. Archaeometric analyzes of the clay were not conducted. However, it can be suggested that some of them are hard and some of them are soft in structure and lime and grit-tempered. The clay colors are red, pink, gray, brown and in different tones of these colors. The mouth and the neck of the three samples and the entire surface of one specimen were covered with glaze. Additionally, on four samples the glaze was used as a decoration element in the form of strips. Unguentaria with handles, which are rarely encountered, are represented with a single sample here. The handles are in the form of non-functional basket handles. The limited information about the findspots and the fact that no analyzes were carried out regarding the material and the clay pits, and absence of a general analysis data did not make it possible to obtain information about the production center or the workshop. From the end of the 4th century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD, they continued their existence by undergoing changes in form. Considering the form differences occurred over the course of time, unguentaria were examined under two main types and ten groups. Although partially, it is possible to follow the chronological development of the groups regarding the dates of their emergence and discontinuation. However, the fact that some groups were used synchronously for a long time makes it difficult to make precise distinctions in dating. Numerous reasons such as the fashion of the period, necessities, demands, innovative and traditional craftsmen/workshops must have played a role in the form changes that did not occur sharply and in short time intervals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Edirne Arhaeology and Etnography Museum
• Unguentarium
• Hellenistic
• Roman.

Kaynakça

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