Archaeometric Analysis of Early Bronze Age Dark Rimmed Orange Bowl Ware (DROB Ware) from the Upper Khabur (NE-Syria) and The Upper Tigris Valley (SE-Anatolia)
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 26, 91 - 106, 06.05.2021
G. Mustafa Kibaroğlu
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki Yukarı Dicle Havzasında ve Kuzey Suriye’deki Yukarı Habur Havzasında yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalarda ele gecen Erken Tunç dönemine ait Dark Rimmed Orange Bowl Ware (DROB-Ware) mal grubunun, kimyasal ve petrografik analiz yöntemlerini kullanarak üretim yerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla, her iki bölgeden alınan DROB Ware örneklerinin yanında, söz konusu seramiklerin üretiminde kullanılan muhtemel kil kaynak alanlarını tespit edebilmek için, her iki bölgeden çeşitli kil yataklarından örneklerde alınarak kimyasal ve petrografik analizleri yapılmıştır.
Arkeometrik analiz soncuları, DROB Ware’in Yukarı Dicle Havzasında, Bismil ve Batman arasında bulunan kil kaynaklarından üretildiğini, Yukarı Habur Havzasındaki höyüklerde bulunan örneklerin, bu bölgeye Yukarı Dicle Havzasından geldiğini göstermektedir.
Teşekkür
Acknowledgements
I want to express my gratitude to the following colleagues and the institutes for collaboration and contributions to the work: Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü in Ankara, Nevin Soyukaya and Ahmet Duman (Diyarbakır Museum), Prof. Dr. Muharrem Satır, (Germany), Dr. Alice Bianchi (Qatar), Dr. Deniz Yaşın-Maier (Swiss), Dr. Heinrich Taubald (Germany) and Prof. Dr. Tuba Ökse (Turkey). I would like also to thank the anonymous reviewers for their carefully reading of our manuscript and their valuable comments and suggestions. This study is a part of the PhD thesis and the SOAP research project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
Kaynakça
- BIANCHI 2012: A. Bianchi, A., Comparative studies on the pottery of sector AK of the royal building in Tell Mozan Urkes (Syria). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- BIANCHI and ÖZFIRAT 2012: A. Bianchi and A. Özfırtat, A., Dark Rimmed Orange Bowl Ware. In: Lebeau, M. (ed.), Archen International. Ceramics, Vol.1, Brepols, 271-276.
- BUCCELLATI and KELLY-BUCCELLATI 1999: G. Buccellati, M. Kelly-Buccellati, Das archaäologische Projekt Tall Mozan/Urkeš, MDOG 131, 7-16.
- CULTRONE et al. 2001: G. Cultrone, C. Rodriguez-Navarro, E. Sebastián Pardo, O. Cazalla, M.J. De la Torre López, M.J., Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13, 621–634.
- DOǦAN 2005: U. Doǧan, U., Holocene fluvial development of the Upper Tigris Valley (Southeastern Turkey) as documented by archaeological data. Quaternary International 129, 75–86.
- FREESTONE et al. 1985: I.C. Freestone, N.D. Meeks, P. Middleton, Retention of phosphate in buried ceramics: an electron microbeam approach. Archaeometry 27 (2), 161–177.
- KELLY-BUCCELLATI 1990: M. Kelly-Buccellati, Trade in Metals in the Third Millennium: Northeastern Syria and Eastern Anatolia. In: P. Matthiae – M. N. van Loon – H. Weiss (eds.), Resurrecting the Past. Leiden, Nederlands Institut voor het Nebije Osten, 17-40.
- KİBAROǦLU and FALB 2013: M. Kibaroğlu and Ch. Falb, The Frankfurt University’s Southeast Anatolia Project (SOAP): Archaeometric investigations on Early Bronze Age pottery. Applied Clay Science 82, 53-61.
- KUZUCUOǦLU and MARRO 2007: C. Kuzucuoğlu, C. Marro, Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Mésopotamie ? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 déc. 2005 (Vara Anatolica XIX), Institut français d'études anatoliennes Georges-Dumézil, Istanbul.
- MEIER-YAŞIN 2015: D. Meier-Yaşın, Zwischen Anatolien und Mesopotamien: Kulturaustausch in der Mittelbronzezeit am oberen Tigris anhand der Keramik vom Salat Tepe, Südost-Türkei (unpublishe PhD tehsis), University of Bern. Switzerland
- OTTENBURGS et al. 1993: R. Ottenburgs, C. Jorissen, W. Viaene, Sagalassos Ware IV. Study of the clays. In: Waelkens, M. (Ed.), Sagalassos I. First General Report on the Survey (1986– 1989) and Excavations (1990–1991). Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 5, Leuven, 163–170.
- ÖKSE 2011: A.T. Ökse, The early bronze age in Southeastern Anatolia. In: Steadman SR, McMahon G (eds) The Oxford handbook of ancient Anatolia. Oxford University Press, New York, 260–289.
- PFÄLZNER 2012: P. Pfälzner, Household Dynamics in Late Third Millennium Northern Mesopotamia. In: Weiss, H., (ed.), Seven generations since the fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 145-162.
- SCHWEDT et al. 2005: A. Schwedt, M. Mommsen, N. Zacharias, Post-depositional elemental alter- ations in pottery activation analysis of surface samples. Archaeometry 46, 85–101.
- WILSON 1978: A.L. Wilson, Elemental analysis of pottery in the study of its provenance: a review. Journal of Archaeological Science 5, 219–236.
- WEISS et al. 1993: A. Weiss, M.A. Courty, W. Wetterstrom, F. Guichard, L.M. Senior, R. Meadow, A. Curnow, The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science 261, 995–1004.
- WEISS 200: H. Weiss, Beyond the Younger Dryas. Collapse as adaptation to abrupt climate change in ancient West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean. In: G. Bawden and R.M. Reycraft (eds.): Environmental disaster and the archaeology of human response. Anthropological Papers, 7. Albuquerque, 75–98.
- WOSSINK 2009: A. Wossink, Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000-1600 BC). Sidestone Press.
Yukarı Habur ve Yukarı Dicle Havzasında Bulunan Erken Tunç Cağı “Dark RImmed Orange Bowl Ware “(DROB Ware) Seramiklerin Arkeometrik Analizlerİ
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 26, 91 - 106, 06.05.2021
G. Mustafa Kibaroğlu
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki Yukarı Dicle Havzasında ve Kuzey Suriye’deki Yukarı Habur Havzasında yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalarda ele gecen Erken Tunç dönemine ait Dark Rimmed Orange Bowl Ware (DROB-Ware) mal grubunun, kimyasal ve petrografik analiz yöntemlerini kullanarak üretim yerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla, her iki bölgeden alınan DROB Ware örneklerinin yanında, söz konusu seramiklerin üretiminde kullanılan muhtemel kil kaynak alanlarını tespit edebilmek için, her iki bölgeden çeşitli kil yataklarından örneklerde alınarak kimyasal ve petrografik analizleri yapılmıştır.
Arkeometrik analiz soncuları, DROB Ware’in Yukarı Dicle Havzasında, Bismil ve Batman arasında bulunan kil kaynaklarından üretildiğini, Yukarı Habur Havzasındaki höyüklerde bulunan örneklerin, bu bölgeye Yukarı Dicle Havzasından geldiğini göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- BIANCHI 2012: A. Bianchi, A., Comparative studies on the pottery of sector AK of the royal building in Tell Mozan Urkes (Syria). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- BIANCHI and ÖZFIRAT 2012: A. Bianchi and A. Özfırtat, A., Dark Rimmed Orange Bowl Ware. In: Lebeau, M. (ed.), Archen International. Ceramics, Vol.1, Brepols, 271-276.
- BUCCELLATI and KELLY-BUCCELLATI 1999: G. Buccellati, M. Kelly-Buccellati, Das archaäologische Projekt Tall Mozan/Urkeš, MDOG 131, 7-16.
- CULTRONE et al. 2001: G. Cultrone, C. Rodriguez-Navarro, E. Sebastián Pardo, O. Cazalla, M.J. De la Torre López, M.J., Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13, 621–634.
- DOǦAN 2005: U. Doǧan, U., Holocene fluvial development of the Upper Tigris Valley (Southeastern Turkey) as documented by archaeological data. Quaternary International 129, 75–86.
- FREESTONE et al. 1985: I.C. Freestone, N.D. Meeks, P. Middleton, Retention of phosphate in buried ceramics: an electron microbeam approach. Archaeometry 27 (2), 161–177.
- KELLY-BUCCELLATI 1990: M. Kelly-Buccellati, Trade in Metals in the Third Millennium: Northeastern Syria and Eastern Anatolia. In: P. Matthiae – M. N. van Loon – H. Weiss (eds.), Resurrecting the Past. Leiden, Nederlands Institut voor het Nebije Osten, 17-40.
- KİBAROǦLU and FALB 2013: M. Kibaroğlu and Ch. Falb, The Frankfurt University’s Southeast Anatolia Project (SOAP): Archaeometric investigations on Early Bronze Age pottery. Applied Clay Science 82, 53-61.
- KUZUCUOǦLU and MARRO 2007: C. Kuzucuoğlu, C. Marro, Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Mésopotamie ? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 déc. 2005 (Vara Anatolica XIX), Institut français d'études anatoliennes Georges-Dumézil, Istanbul.
- MEIER-YAŞIN 2015: D. Meier-Yaşın, Zwischen Anatolien und Mesopotamien: Kulturaustausch in der Mittelbronzezeit am oberen Tigris anhand der Keramik vom Salat Tepe, Südost-Türkei (unpublishe PhD tehsis), University of Bern. Switzerland
- OTTENBURGS et al. 1993: R. Ottenburgs, C. Jorissen, W. Viaene, Sagalassos Ware IV. Study of the clays. In: Waelkens, M. (Ed.), Sagalassos I. First General Report on the Survey (1986– 1989) and Excavations (1990–1991). Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 5, Leuven, 163–170.
- ÖKSE 2011: A.T. Ökse, The early bronze age in Southeastern Anatolia. In: Steadman SR, McMahon G (eds) The Oxford handbook of ancient Anatolia. Oxford University Press, New York, 260–289.
- PFÄLZNER 2012: P. Pfälzner, Household Dynamics in Late Third Millennium Northern Mesopotamia. In: Weiss, H., (ed.), Seven generations since the fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 145-162.
- SCHWEDT et al. 2005: A. Schwedt, M. Mommsen, N. Zacharias, Post-depositional elemental alter- ations in pottery activation analysis of surface samples. Archaeometry 46, 85–101.
- WILSON 1978: A.L. Wilson, Elemental analysis of pottery in the study of its provenance: a review. Journal of Archaeological Science 5, 219–236.
- WEISS et al. 1993: A. Weiss, M.A. Courty, W. Wetterstrom, F. Guichard, L.M. Senior, R. Meadow, A. Curnow, The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science 261, 995–1004.
- WEISS 200: H. Weiss, Beyond the Younger Dryas. Collapse as adaptation to abrupt climate change in ancient West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean. In: G. Bawden and R.M. Reycraft (eds.): Environmental disaster and the archaeology of human response. Anthropological Papers, 7. Albuquerque, 75–98.
- WOSSINK 2009: A. Wossink, Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000-1600 BC). Sidestone Press.