Tek Ebeveyn Olan Annelerin Psikolojik Sağlamlıkları ile Yaşam Doyumları Arasındaki İlişkide Umut ve Affetmenin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 1 - 17, 31.03.2022

Hatice Odacı Emine Ülken Kenan Bülbül

https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.939069

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı tek ebeveyn olan annelerin psikolojik sağlamlıkları ile yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkide umut ve affetmenin aracı rolünün incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemini yaşları 23 ile 69 arasında değişen ve yaşları ortalaması 41.62 (SS = 8.79) olan 256 tek ebeveyn anne oluşturmaktadır. Okul psikolojik danışmanları aracılığıyla ulaşılan tek ebeveyn annelere COVID-19 salgını nedeniyle online yollarla ölçekler uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği, Yetişkin Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği, Sürekli Umut Ölçeği ve Heartland Affetme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS 24.0 programı ve PROCESS eklentisi ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, psikolojik sağlamlık, yaşam doyumu, umut ve affetme arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişkilerin olduğu; psikolojik sağlamlık ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide umut ve affetmenin sıralı aracı rol üstlendiği gözlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda düşünüldüğünde, tek ebeveyn olan annelerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin artması umut düzeylerini de arttırabileceği anlamına gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte umut düzeylerindeki artış affetme düzeylerini de arttırarak yaşamdan daha fazla doyum almalarını sağlayabilecektir. Araştırmada test edilen modele yönelik bulgular ilgili alanyazın çerçevesinde tartışılarak teorik ve uygulama temelli çalışmalara doğurgularından bahsedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tek ebeveyn anne, Psikolojik sağlamlık, Yaşam doyumu, Umut, Affetme

Teşekkür

Araştırmaya katılarak destek veren tek ebeveyn olan annelere teşekkürü borç biliriz.

Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Life Satisfaction of Single Parent Mothers: Mediating Role of Hope and Forgiveness

Öz

The study aimed to examine the mediating role of hope and forgiveness in the relationship between psychological resilience and life satisfaction of single parent mothers. This study included 256 single parent mothers with ages ranging between 23 and 69 years and mean age 41.62 (SD = 8.79). Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, scales were applied online to single parent mothers who were contacted through school psychological counselors. Personal Information Form, Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, Adult Life Satisfaction Scale, Trait Hope Scale and Heartland Forgiveness Scale were used in the study. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 24.0 program and PROCESS macro. According to the analysis results, it was found that there are significant positive relationships between psychological resilience, life satisfaction, hope and forgiveness; it has been observed that hope and forgiveness act as serial mediators between psychological resilience and life satisfaction. The increase in the psychological resilience levels means that their hope levels can also increase. In addition, an increase in hope level will increase their level of forgiveness and enable them to get more satisfaction from life. The findings of the model tested were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature and their implications for theoretical and application-based studies were mentioned.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Single parent mother, Psychological resilience, Life satisfaction, Hope, Forgiveness

Kaynakça

• Abbasi, P., Mahmoodi, F., Ziapour, A., Dehghan, F., & Parvane, E. (2017). The effectiveness of group hope therapy training on psychological well-being and resilience in divorced women. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 7(10), 116-121. doi: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93149
• Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü [ASAGEM]. (2011). Tek ebeveynli aileler araştırması. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Yayın No: 148.
• Arıcıoğlu, A. (2016). Mediating the effect of gratitude in the relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction among university students. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(2), 275-282. doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v5n2p275
• Arslan, G. (2016). Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 200-209. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.010
• Arslan, G. (2019). Mediating role of the self–esteem and resilience in the association between social exclusion and life satisfaction among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109514. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109514
• Asıcı, E. (2019). Çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik affetme müdahaleleri: Sistematik gözden geçirme. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(2), 429-457. doi: 10.26650/SP2018-0041
• Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.005
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
• Bialowolski, P., & Weziak-Bialowolska, D. (2020). Longitudinal evidence for reciprocal effects between life satisfaction and job satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, Online, 1-26. doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00273-1
• Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2012). Affetme arttırılabilinir mi?: Affetmeyi geliştirme grubu. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
• Bugay, A., Demir, A., & Delevi, R. (2012). Assessment of reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Psychological Reports, 111(2), 575-584. doi: 10.2466%2F08.21.PR0.111.5.575-584
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Daryanani, I., Hamilton, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2016). Single mother parenting and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(7), 1411-1423. doi: 10.1007/s10802-016-0128-x
• Demir, S. ve Çelebi, Ş. (2017). Tek ebeveynli ailelerin sorunları: Nitel bir araştırma. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 111-128. doi: 10.17828/yalovasosbil.333891
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Dwiwardani, C., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A., Marks, L. E., Steele, J. R., Doolin, H. N., et al. (2014). Virtues develop from a secure base: Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility, gratitude, and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 83-90. doi: 10.1177%2F009164711404200109
• Eldeleklioğlu, J. (2015). Predictive effects of subjective happiness, forgiveness, and rumination on life satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(9), 1563-1574. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2015.43.9.1563
• Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self‐forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107-126. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
• Eraslan Capan, B. (2018). Secure attachment and forgiveness: The mediating role of psychological resilience. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 33(2), 280-292. doi: 10.16986/HUJE.2017030459
• Erdamar, G., & Demirel, H. (2016). Job and life satisfaction of teachers and the conflicts they experience at work and at home. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(6), 164-175. doi: 10.11114/jets.v4i6.1502
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3th ed.). London: Sage Publications.
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
• Global Issues. (2016). 320 million children in single-parent families. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/news/2016/10/15/22568
• Gökmen, G. ve Deniz, M. E. (2020). Travma sonrası büyümenin yordayıcıları olarak öz anlayış ve affetme. Uluslararası Türk Kültür Coğrafyasında Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 72-93.
• Hagmaier, T., Abele, A. E., & Goebel, K. (2018). How do career satisfaction and life satisfaction associate? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(2), 142-160. doi: 10.1108/JMP-09-2017-0326
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Cengage.
• Hawro, T., Maurer, M., Hawro, M., Kaszuba, A., Cierpiałkowska, L., Królikowska, et al. (2014). In psoriasis, levels of hope and quality of life are linked. Archives of Dermatological Research, 306(7), 661-666.
• Heller, D., Watson, D., & Ilies, R. (2006). The dynamic process of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1421-1450. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00415.x
• Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258-265. doi: 10.1177%2F070674371105600504
• Hunter, A. J., & Chandler, G. E. (1999). Adolescent resilience. Image Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 243-247.
• Kaba, İ., Erol, M. ve Güç, K. (2018). Yetişkin yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 1-14. doi: 10.18037/ausbd.550232
• Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2018). Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 17-23. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008
• Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2020). The relationship between basic hope and depression: Forgiveness as a mediator. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 877-886. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09759-w
• Karaman, M. A., Vela, J. C., & Garcia, C. (2020). Do hope and meaning of life mediate resilience and life satisfaction among Latinx students? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 48(5), 685-696. doi: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1760206
• Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 1067–1079. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1067
• Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E. P., Peterson, C., Diener, E. D., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., et al. (2011). Mental health promotion in public health: Perspectives and strategies from positive psychology. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8). doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300083
• Kong, F., Wang, X., Hu, S., & Liu, J. (2015). Neural correlates of psychological resilience and their relation to life satisfaction in a sample of healthy young adults. Neuroimage, 123, 165-172. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.020
• Kravchuk, S. (2021). The relationship between psychological resilience and tendency to forgiveness. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 11-11. doi: 10.36941/ajis-2021-0002
• Li, M. Y., Yang, Y. L., Liu, L., & Wang, L. (2016). Effects of social support, hope, and resilience on quality of life among Chinese bladder cancer patients: A cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 73. doi: 10.1186/s12955-016-0481-z
• Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372796
• Liu, Y., Wang, Z. H., & Li, Z. G. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and individual differences, 52(7), 833-838. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.017
• Mahdian, Z., & Ghaffari, M. (2016). The mediating role of psychological resilience, and social support on the relationship between spiritual well-being and hope in cancer patients. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 18(3), 130-138. doi: 10.22038/jfmh.2016.6873
• Maldonado, L. C., & Nieuwenhuis, R. (2015). Family policies and single parent poverty in 18 OECD countries, 1978–2008. Community, Work & Family, 18(4), 395-415. doi: 10.1080/13668803.2015.1080661
• Martin, J. J., Byrd, B., Watts, M. L., & Dent, M. (2015). Gritty, hardy, and resilient: predictors of sport engagement and life satisfaction in wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9(4), 345-359. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2015-0015
• Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(2), 110-119. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1163403
• Muyan-Yılık, M., & Demir, A. (2019). A pathway towards subjective well-being for Turkish University students: The roles of dispositional hope, cognitive flexibility, and coping strategies. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 1945-1963. doi: 10.1007/s10902-019-00162-2
• Nederlands Jeugd Instituut. (2014, Nisan). Eenoudergezinnen, Sh. 1. Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugd Instituut. Retrieved from https://www.nji.nl/Zoek?q=Eenoudergezinnen
• Oliver, A., Tomás, J. M., & Montoro-Rodriguez, J. (2017). Dispositional hope and life satisfaction among older adults attending lifelong learning programs. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 72, 80-85. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.008
• Özçetin, Y. S. Ü. ve Hiçdurmaz, D. (2017). Kanser deneyiminde travma sonrası büyüme ve psikolojik sağlamlık. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 9(4), 388-397.
• Parsons, S., Kruijt, A. W., & Fox, E. (2016). A cognitive model of psychological resilience. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7(3), 296-310. doi: 10.5127%2Fjep.053415
• Perrone-McGovern, K. M., Boo, J. N., & Vannatter, A. (2012). Marital and life satisfaction among gifted adults. Roeper Review, 34(1), 46-52. doi: 10.1080/02783193.2012.627552
• Pollmann-Schult, M. (2018). Single motherhood and life satisfaction in comparative perspective: Do institutional and cultural contexts explain the life satisfaction penalty for single mothers? Journal of Family Issues, 39(7), 2061-2084. doi: 10.1177%2F0192513X17741178
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
• Reyes, M. F., Satorres, E., & Meléndez, J. C. (2020). Resilience and socioeconomic status as predictors of life satisfaction and psychological well-being in Colombian older adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 39(3), 269-276. doi: 10.1177%2F0733464819867554
• Satıcı, S. A. (2016). Psychological vulnerability, resilience, and subjective well-being: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.057
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_1
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Jennifer Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-275. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
• Soylu, Y. (2018). Boşanmış kadınlarda psikolojik sağlamlığı açıklamaya yönelik bir model geliştirme. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 8(49), 81-100.
• Stavrova, O., & Fetchenhauer, D. (2015). Single parents, unhappy parents? Parenthood, partnership, and the cultural normative context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(1), 134-149. doi: 10.1177%2F0022022114551160
• Tarhan, S. ve Bacanlı, H. (2015). Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14.
• Tawnley, K. F., Edmondson, M. E., & Meszaros, P. S. (1991). Self sufficiency for single parent families. An integrated approach. Journal of Home Economics, 83(2), 16-19.
• Taylor, Z. E., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Promoting strengths and resilience in single‐mother families. Child Development, 88(2), 350-358. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12741
• Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., et al. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313-360. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
• Tian, H. M., & Wang, P. (2021). The role of perceived social support and depressive symptoms in the relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction among older people. Aging & Mental Health, 25(6), 1042-1048. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1746738
• Toktaş, S. (2019). Examining the Levels of Forgiveness and Psychological Resilience of Teacher Candidates. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(4), 241-249. doi: 10.11114/jets.v7i4.4122
• Trzebiński, J., & Zięba, M. (2004). Basic hope as a world-view: An outline of a concept. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 35, 173-82.
• Tuck, I., & Anderson, L. (2014). Forgiveness, flourishing, and resilience: The influences of expressions of spirituality on mental health recovery. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(4), 277-282. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2014.885623
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TÜİK]. (2020, Nisan). Evlenme ve Boşanma İstatistikleri, 2019. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Evlenme-ve-Bosanma-Istatistikleri-2019-33708 adresinden elde edildi.
• Urquijo, I., Extremera, N., & Villa, A. (2016). Emotional intelligence, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being in graduates: The mediating effect of perceived stress. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(4), 1241-1252. doi: 10.1007/s11482-015-9432-9
• Van Lancker, W., Ghysels, J., & Cantillon, B. (2015). The impact of child benefits on single mother poverty: Exploring the role of targeting in 15 European countries. International Journal of Social Welfare, 24(3), 210-222. doi: 10.1111/ijsw.12140
• Veenhoven, R. (1996). The study of life satisfaction. In W. E. Saris, R. Veenhoven, A. C. Scherpenzeel, & B. Bunting (Eds.), A comparative study of satisfaction with life in Europe (pp. 11-48). Hungary: Eötvös University Press.
• Vural Batık, M. (2020). Psikolog ve psikolojik danışmanlarda affetme. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 679-696. doi: 10.26468/trakyasobed.647345Werner, S. (2012). Subjective well-being, hope, and needs of individuals with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 196(2-3), 214-219. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.012
• Winders, S. J. (2014). From extraordinary invulnerability to ordinary magic: A literature review of resilience. Journal of European Psychology Students, 5(1), 3-9. doi: 10.5334/jeps.bk
• World Family Map. (2017, Nisan). Mapping family change and child well-being outcomes. Social Trends Institute. Retrieved from https://www.socialtrendsinstitute.org/publications/family/the-world-family-map-2017-mapping-family-change-and-child-well-being-outcomes
• Worthington, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385-405. doi: 10.1080/0887044042000196674
• Worthington, E. L., Griffin, B. J., Toussaint, L. L., Nonterah, C. W., Utsey, S. O., & Garthe, R. C. (2016). Forgiveness as a catalyst for psychological, physical, and spiritual resilience in disasters and crises. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 44(2), 152-165. doi: 10.1177%2F009164711604400206
• Yangın, N. ve Camadan, F. (2020). Mükemmeliyetçilik ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide affetmenin aracı rolü. Yaşadıkça Eğitim, 34(2), 241-263. doi: 10.33308/26674874.2020342135
• Yıldırım, M. (2019). Mediating role of resilience in the relationships between fear of happiness and affect balance, satisfaction with life, and flourishing. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 183-198. doi: 10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1640
• Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current Psychology, 1-11. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
• Zheng, W., Huang, Y., & Fu, Y. (2020). Mediating effects of psychological resilience on life satisfaction among older adults: A cross‐sectional study in China. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(4), 1323-1332. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12965