Araştırma Makalesi
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Investigation of Mental Symptoms and Post-Traumatic Growth in Adolescents after Kahramanmaras Earthquakes

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 16 - 32, 28.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1493515

Öz

On February 6, 2023, two separate devastating earthquakes occurred in Turkey, affecting a large area centered in Kahramanmaras. In this study, it was aimed to examine mental symptoms and post-traumatic growth in adolescents who directly experienced the earthquake and to determine the variables predicting post-traumatic growth. The current study was designed based on descriptive and predictive correlational research design. The data were collected 8 months after the earthquake. A total of 354 adolescents, 207 girls and 147 boys, participated in the study. Revised Child Impact of Event Scale, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, Post-traumatic Growth Inventory and demographic information form were used as data collection tools. According to the findings; 39.8% of the participants showed PTSD symptoms in terms of CRIES-13 scores. As the level of exposure to both material and spiritual destructive effects of the earthquake increases, the risk of PTSD in adolescents also increases. Both mental symptoms (PTSD, depression, anxiety) and post-traumatic growth are more common in female adolescents. PTSD and depression positively predict post-traumatic growth in adolescents. The results of the study are discussed within the scope of the related literature. Research recommendations for relevant researchers and practitioners are presented.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD, (2023). 06.02.2023 Pazarcık- Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (Mw:7.7 – Mw:7.6) Depremleri Raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/home-page adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Akça, S. Ö., Selen, F., Demir, E., ve Demir, T. (2018). Cinsiyet ve yaş farklılıklarının ergenlerin depresyon, anksiyete bozukluğu, kendine zarar verme, psikoz, travma sonrası stress bozukluğu, alkol-uyuşturucu bağımlılığı ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ile ilişkili sorunlara etkisi. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 45(3), 255-264.
  • Andrades, M., García, F. E., Calonge, I., & Martínez-Arias, R. (2018). Posttraumatic growth in children and adolescents exposed to the 2010 earthquake in Chile and its relationship with rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1505-1517. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9885-7
  • Andrews, G., Creamer, M., Crino, R., Hunt, C., Lampe, L., & Page, A. (2002). The treatment of anxiety disorders: Clinicia guides and patient manuals (pp.148-198). Cambridge University Press.
  • Armstrong, D., & Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2011). Relationship to the bereaved and perceptions of severity of trauma differentiate elements of posttraumatic growth. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 63(2), 125-140.
  • Aytekin, B. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği kuramı: Türkiyede kadın emeğinin etkinlik çözümlemesi. [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Bal, U., Çakmak, S., ve Uğuz, Ş. (2013). Anksiyete bozukluklarında cinsiyete göre semptom farklılıkları. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 22(4), 441-459.
  • Bekker, M. H. J. (2000). Agoraphobia: Sex specific stress or sex specific stressors?. In Women, health and the mind (pp. 91-114). Chichester.
  • Bıçakçı, A. B., ve Okumuş, F. E. E. (2023). Depremin psikolojik etkileri ve yardım çalışanları. Avrasya Dosyası, 14(1), 206-236.
  • Bikçe, M. (2015). Türkiye’de hasara ve can kaybına neden olan deprem listesi (1900-2014). 3. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, 14, 3-10.
  • Bikçe, M. (2017). Türkiye’deki depremlerde alınan ve alınabilecek önlemler. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(2), 24-31.
  • Binbay, T., Direk, N., Aker, T., Akvardar, Y., Alptekin, K., Cimilli, C., ... ve Ulaş, H. (2014). Türkiye’de psikiyatrik epidemiyoloji: yakın zamanlı araştırmalarda temel bulgular ve gelecek için öneriler. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25, 264-281.
  • Blanc, J., Bui, E., Mouchenik, Y., Derivois, D., & Birmes, P. (2015). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in two groups of children one year after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 121-126. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.055
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Beyond recovery from trauma: Implications for clinical practice and research. Journal of social Issues, 54(2), 357-371.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 13(3), 521-527.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2001). Posttraumatic growth: The positive lessons of loss. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss (pp. 157–172). American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10397-008
  • Calhoun, L. G. & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), The handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 1-23). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Chen, C. H., Tan, H. K. L., Liao, L. R., Chen, H. H., Chan, C. C., Chen, C. Y., ... & Lu, M. L. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: a survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 269-275. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
  • Çeri, V., Hamidi, F., Çakır, B., Bilaç, Ö., İz, M., İz, F. B. A., & Aydemir, Ö. (2021). Child Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity and Reliability Study of Turkish Version. Neuropsychiatric Investigation, 59(1).
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2012). Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Dursun, P. ve Söylemez, İ. (2020). Travma sonrası büyüme: Gözden geçirilmiş son model ile kapsamlı bir değerlendirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 31(1), 57-68.
  • Eagly A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes and H. M. Trautner (Eds.). The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender (pg. 123-174). NJ: Erbaum.
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6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinden Sonra Ergenlerde Ruhsal Belirtiler ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 16 - 32, 28.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1493515

Öz

Türkiye’de 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli geniş bir alanı etkileyen iki ayrı yıkıcı deprem meydana gelmiştir. Bu araştırmada söz konusu depremi doğrudan yaşayan ergenlerde ruhsal belirtiler ve travma sonrası büyümenin incelenmesi ve travma sonrası büyümeyi yordayan değişkenlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Mevcut çalışma betimsel ve yordayıcı korelasyonel araştırma desenine dayalı olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri depremden 8 ay sonra toplanmıştır. Araştırmaya 207 kız, 147 erkek olmak üzere toplam 354 ergen katılım sağlamıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Revize Edilmiş Çocuk Olayın Etkisi Ölçeği, Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Ölçeği, Travma Sonrası Büyüme Envanteri ve demografik bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre; CRIES-13 puanları açısından katılımcıların %39.8’i TSSB semptomları göstermektedir. Depremin gerek maddi gerekse de manevi yıkıcı etkisine maruz kalma düzeyi arttıkça, ergenlerde TSSB riski de arttırmaktadır. Kız ergenlerde hem ruhsal belirtiler (TSSB, depresyon, anksiyete) hem de travma sonrası büyüme daha çoktur. TSSB ve depresyon ergenlerde travma sonrası büyümeyi pozitif yönde yordamaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları ilgili literatür kapsamında tartışılmıştır. İlgili araştırmacılar ve uygulamacılar için araştırma önerileri sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD, (2023). 06.02.2023 Pazarcık- Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (Mw:7.7 – Mw:7.6) Depremleri Raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/home-page adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Akça, S. Ö., Selen, F., Demir, E., ve Demir, T. (2018). Cinsiyet ve yaş farklılıklarının ergenlerin depresyon, anksiyete bozukluğu, kendine zarar verme, psikoz, travma sonrası stress bozukluğu, alkol-uyuşturucu bağımlılığı ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ile ilişkili sorunlara etkisi. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 45(3), 255-264.
  • Andrades, M., García, F. E., Calonge, I., & Martínez-Arias, R. (2018). Posttraumatic growth in children and adolescents exposed to the 2010 earthquake in Chile and its relationship with rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1505-1517. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9885-7
  • Andrews, G., Creamer, M., Crino, R., Hunt, C., Lampe, L., & Page, A. (2002). The treatment of anxiety disorders: Clinicia guides and patient manuals (pp.148-198). Cambridge University Press.
  • Armstrong, D., & Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2011). Relationship to the bereaved and perceptions of severity of trauma differentiate elements of posttraumatic growth. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 63(2), 125-140.
  • Aytekin, B. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği kuramı: Türkiyede kadın emeğinin etkinlik çözümlemesi. [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Bal, U., Çakmak, S., ve Uğuz, Ş. (2013). Anksiyete bozukluklarında cinsiyete göre semptom farklılıkları. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 22(4), 441-459.
  • Bekker, M. H. J. (2000). Agoraphobia: Sex specific stress or sex specific stressors?. In Women, health and the mind (pp. 91-114). Chichester.
  • Bıçakçı, A. B., ve Okumuş, F. E. E. (2023). Depremin psikolojik etkileri ve yardım çalışanları. Avrasya Dosyası, 14(1), 206-236.
  • Bikçe, M. (2015). Türkiye’de hasara ve can kaybına neden olan deprem listesi (1900-2014). 3. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, 14, 3-10.
  • Bikçe, M. (2017). Türkiye’deki depremlerde alınan ve alınabilecek önlemler. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(2), 24-31.
  • Binbay, T., Direk, N., Aker, T., Akvardar, Y., Alptekin, K., Cimilli, C., ... ve Ulaş, H. (2014). Türkiye’de psikiyatrik epidemiyoloji: yakın zamanlı araştırmalarda temel bulgular ve gelecek için öneriler. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25, 264-281.
  • Blanc, J., Bui, E., Mouchenik, Y., Derivois, D., & Birmes, P. (2015). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in two groups of children one year after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 121-126. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.055
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Beyond recovery from trauma: Implications for clinical practice and research. Journal of social Issues, 54(2), 357-371.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 13(3), 521-527.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2001). Posttraumatic growth: The positive lessons of loss. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss (pp. 157–172). American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10397-008
  • Calhoun, L. G. & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), The handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 1-23). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Chen, C. H., Tan, H. K. L., Liao, L. R., Chen, H. H., Chan, C. C., Chen, C. Y., ... & Lu, M. L. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: a survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 269-275. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
  • Çeri, V., Hamidi, F., Çakır, B., Bilaç, Ö., İz, M., İz, F. B. A., & Aydemir, Ö. (2021). Child Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity and Reliability Study of Turkish Version. Neuropsychiatric Investigation, 59(1).
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2012). Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Dursun, P. ve Söylemez, İ. (2020). Travma sonrası büyüme: Gözden geçirilmiş son model ile kapsamlı bir değerlendirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 31(1), 57-68.
  • Eagly A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes and H. M. Trautner (Eds.). The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender (pg. 123-174). NJ: Erbaum.
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  • Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British journal of clinical psychology, 44(2), 227-239.
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  • Jin, Y., Deng, H., An, J., & Xu, J. (2019). The prevalence of PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms and related predictors in children and adolescents 3 years after the Ya’an earthquake. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 50, 300-307. doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0840-6.
  • Jin, Y., Xu, J., & Liu, D. (2014a). The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 1903-1910. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0865-5
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  • Kafes, A. Y. (2021). Depresyon ve anksiyete bozuklukları üzerine bir bakış. Humanistic Perspective, 3(1), 186-194.
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  • Karamustafalıoğlu, O. ve Akpınar, A. (2010). Anksiyete bozuklukları. Karamustafalıoğlu, O. (edt.), Aile hekimleri için psikiyatri (s.71-88). MT Uluslararası Yayıncılık.
  • Kardaş, F. ve Tanhan, F. (2018). Van depremini yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin travma sonrası stres, travma sonrası büyüme ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 1-36.
  • Keane, T. M., & Wolfe, J. (1990). Comorbidity in post‐traumatic stress disorder an analysis of community and clinical studies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(21), 1776-1788. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01511.x Kılıç, S. (2013). Örnekleme yöntemleri. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(1), 44-46.
  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM‐IV and DSM‐5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 537-547. doi: 10.1002/jts.21848.
  • King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2009). Detecting and Constructing Meaning in Life Events. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(5), 317‐330.
  • Kurt, E. ve Gülbahçe, A. (2019). Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), 957-972.
  • Lam R.W. & Mok, H. (2008). Depression. Oxford University Press.
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  • MacKinaw-Koons, B., & Vasey, M. W. (2000). Considering sex differences in anxiety and its disorders across the life span: A construct-validation approach. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 9(3), 191-209. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80004-6
  • Makwana, N. (2019). Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(10), 3090-3095.
  • Marthoenis, M., Ilyas, A., Sofyan, H., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2019). Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.030
  • Meng, Z., Wu, X., & Han, L. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among the adult survivors of the Lushan earthquake: Selecting resilience as the moderator. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 524-529. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.016
  • Qi, J., Yang, X., Tan, R., Wu, X., & Zhou, X. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adolescents over 1 year after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 261, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.071
  • Özvarış, Ş. B. (2007). Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet, kadın ve sağlık. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 16(3), 7-8.
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  • Rubens, S. L., Felix, E. D., & Hambrick, E. P. (2018). A meta‐analysis of the impact of natural disasters on internalizing and externalizing problems in youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(3), 332-341. doi: 10.1002/jts.21848
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  • Shakespeare-Finch, J. E., Smith, S. G., Gow, K. M., Embelton, G., Baird, L. (2003). The prevalence of post-traumatic growth in emergency ambulance personnel. Traumatology, 9, 58-71.
  • Shi, X., Zhou, Y., & Fan, F. (2016). Longitudinal trajectories and predictors of anxiety symptoms among adolescent survivors exposed to Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 55-63. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.015
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  • Turan, S. N. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinde travma sonrası büyümenin yordayıcıları olarak psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası stres. [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi.
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  • Wu, X., Zhou, X., Wu, Y., & An, Y. (2015). The role of rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, article 148041. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01335
  • Yu, X.N., Lau, J.T., Zhang, J., Mak, WW., Choi, KC., Lui, WW., & Chan, EY. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1), 327-331.
  • Zhang, J., Zhu, S., Du, C., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder and somatic symptoms among child and adolescent survivors following the Lushan earthquake in China: A six-month longitudinal study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 79(2), 100-106. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.06.001
  • Zhang, Z., Ran, M. S., Li, Y. H., Ou, G. J., Gong, R. R., Li, R. H., ... & Fang, D. Z. (2012). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychological Medicine, 42(8), 1687-1693. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002844
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlığı, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşe Nur Katmer 0000-0002-2733-9325

Esra Asıcı 0000-0003-0872-9042

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Katmer, A. N., & Asıcı, E. (2025). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinden Sonra Ergenlerde Ruhsal Belirtiler ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin İncelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 26(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1493515