COVID-19 Geçiren Bireylerin Yaşadıkları Stigma ile Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma COVID-19 geçiren bireylerin yaşadıkları damgalama ile algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyini belirlemek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak planlanan bu çalışmanın örneklemini COVID-19 tanısı alan 389 birey oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veriler anket formu ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (ÇBASDÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Anket formu bireylerin sosyodemografik özelliklerine ilişkin 16 soru ile COVID-19 tanısı nedeniyle sosyal çevrelerinde maruz kaldıkları damgalayıcı tutum ve davranışları belirlemeye yönelik 19 ifadeden oluşmaktadır. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada COVID-19 tanısı alan bireylerin ÇBASDÖ toplam puanı 69.9±14.4; Aileden Alınan Destek, Arkadaştan Alınan Destek ve Özel Kişiden Alınan Destek alt boyut puan ortalamaları sırasıyla 24.8 ± 4.5, 23.4 ± 5.7 ve 21.6 ± 7.7 olarak saptandı. Bireylerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyinin bazı sosyodemografik özelliklerine göre farklılık gösterdiği belirlendi. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada COVID-19 tanısı alan bireylerin damgalayıcı davranış ve tutuma maruz kaldıkları, buna karşın algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu, en çok aile ve arkadaşlarından destek aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu konuda yapılan araştırma sayısının sınırlı olması nedeniyle COVID-19 geçiren bireylerin yaşadıkları damgalama ve sahip oldukları destek düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik olarak nicel ve nitel araştırma tasarımının birlikte kullanıldığı araştırmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• stigma
• sosyal destek
• virüs

Determination Of Stigmatization Experienced By Individuals With COVID-19 And Their Levels Of Perceived Social Support

Öz

Aim: The present study was planned to determine the stigmatization experienced by individuals with COVID-19 and their perceived social support levels. Methods: The sample of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consists of 389 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. In the study, the data were collected by using a questionnaire form and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The questionnaire form consists of 16 questions about the sociodemographic characteristic of individuals and 19 statements to determine stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors they were exposed to in their social environment due to COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: In this study, MSPSS total score of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 was found as 69.9±14.4; while their Perceived Social Support from Family subscale, Perceived Social Support from Friend subscale and Perceived Social Support from Significant other subscale mean scores were found as 24.8 ± 4.5, 23.4 ± 5.7 and 21.6 ± 7.7, respectively. It was found that perceived social support levels of individuals differed in terms of some sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 were exposed to stigmatizing behaviors and attitudes; however, their levels of perceived social support were high and they were mostly supported by their families and friends. Due to the limited number of studies on the subject, it is recommended to conduct studies using qualitative and quantitative research design together in order to find out the stigma experienced by individuals with COVID-19 and the level of support they have.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• stigma
• social suport
• virus

Kaynakça

1. Abuhammad S, Alzoubi KH, Khabour O. Fear of COVID‐19 and stigmatization towards infected people among Jordanian people. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2021;75(4):e13899.
2. Asadi-Aliabadi M, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Moradi-Lakeh M. Stigma in COVID-19: A barrier to seek medical care and family support. Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic Of Iran 2020;34:98.
3. Bagcchi S. Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(7):782.
4. Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and discrimination during COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Public Health 2020;8:829.
5. Bhattacharya P, Banerjee D, Rao TS. The “untold” side of COVID-19: Social stigma and its consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 2020;42(4):382-386.
6. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet 2020;395(10227):912-920.
7. Bruns DP, Kraguljac NV, Bruns TR. COVID-19: facts, cultural considerations, and risk of stigmatization. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2020;31(4):326–332
8. Canada Center For Occupational Health And Safety. Coronavirus (COVID-19) tips. preventing stigma. 2020; https://www.ccohs.ca/ newsletters/hsreport/issues/current.html#hsreport-ontopic (Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2021).

9. Cantekin ÖF, Arpacı F. Covıd-19 (Koronavirüs) pandemisi ve sosyal hizmet. Journal of International Social Research 2020;13(73):1138-1146
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus update. 2020; https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index. Html
11. Chew CC, Lim XJ, Chang CT, Rajan P, Nasir N, Low WY. Experiences of social stigma among patients tested positive for COVID-19 and their family members: a qualitative study. Research Square 2021.
12. Chibwana MG, Jere KC, Mandolo J, Katunga-Phiri V, Tembo D, Mitole N, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in health care workers but relatively low numbers of deaths in urban Malawi. MedRxiv. 2020:1-18.
13. Cyrus SHH, Cornelia YIC, Roger CMH. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological ımpact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Academy of Medicine, 2020;49(3):155-160.
14. Çakır Kardeş V. Pandemi Süreci ve Sonrası Ruhsal ve Davranışsal Değerlendirme. Türk Diyab Obez 2020;2:160-169.
15. Çelik Ş, Çak E. Covıd-19 pandemi sürecinin aile üzerine etkisi. Gevher Nesibe Journal Of Medical & Health Sciences 2021;6(11):43-49
16. Dar SA, Khurshid SQ, Wani ZA, Khanam A, Haq I, Shah NN, Shahnawaz M et al. Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study. Plos one 2020;15(11): 1-13
17. Dombo EA, Ahearn FL. The aftermath of humanitarian crises: A model for addressing social work interventions with individuals, groups, and communities. Illness, Crisis & Loss 2017;25(2):107–126. doi:10.1177%2F1054137315606830.
18. Duan W, Bu H, Chen Z. COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Social Science & Medicine 2020;266:113425.
19. Eker D, Arkar H, Yaldız H. Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2001;12(1):17-25.
20. Enli Tuncay F, Koyuncu E, Özel Ş. Pandemilerde sağlık çalışanlarının psikososyal sağlığını etkileyen koruyucu ve risk faktörlerine ilişkin bir derleme. Ankara Med J 2020;2:488-501.
21. Erdoğdu Y, Koçoğlu F, Sevim C. COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde anksiyete ile umutsuzluk düzeylerinin psikososyal ve demografik değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2020;23(Ek 1):24-37. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.35403
22. Grey I, Arora T, Thomas J, Saneh A, Tohme P, Abi-Habib R. The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research 2020;293:113452.
23. Ho CS, Chee CY, Ho RC. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2020;49(1):1-3.
24. Huda KASMN. Misrecognition, social stigma, and COVID‐19. Developing World Bioethics 2021;1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12331
25. Jiang T, Zhou X, Lin L, Pan Y, Zhong Y, Wang X et al. COVID-19-related stigma and its' influencing factors: a rapid nationwide study in China. Research Square 2020;1-23.
26. Kabasakal Z, Aktaş A. Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde bireylerin sosyal destek ve aile iklimi algılarının incelenmesi. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 2021;12(1):145-157.
27. Karal E, Biçer BG. Salgın hastalık döneminde algılanan sosyal desteğin bireylerin psikolojik sağlamlığı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2020;10(1):129-156.
28. Koçak Z, Harmancı H. Covıd-19 pandemi sürecinde ailede ruh sağlığı. Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 2020;(5):183-207.
29. Kumari S. Understanding of stigmatization and death amid COVID-19 in India: a sociological exploration. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying 2021; 0(0):1–17
30. Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N. ve Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
31. Lopez V, Sanchez K, Killian MO, Eghaneyan BH. Depression screening and education: an examination of mental health literacy and stigma in a sample of Hispanic women. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):646.
32. Mamun MA, Huq N, Papia ZF, Tasfina S, Gozal D. Prevalence of depression among Bangladeshi village women subsequent to a natural disaster: a pilot study. Psychiatry Research 2019;276:124-128.
33. Okur İ, Demirel ÖF. COVID-19 ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar. Medical Research Reports 2020;3(Supp 1):86-99.
34. Özmete E, Pak M. The relationship between anxiety levels and perceived social support during the pandemic of COVID-19 in Turkey, Social Work in Public Health 2020;35(7):603-616.
35. Pan SW, Gordon CS, Chuncheng L, Jenny HH. Coronavirus stigmatization and psychological distress among Asians in the United States, Ethnicity & Health 2021;26(1):110-125, DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2020.1849570
36. Qiu J., Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry 2020;33(2):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
37. Ramaci T, Barattucci M, Ledda C, Rapisarda V. Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability 2020;12(9):3834.
38. Roohafza HR, Afshar H, Keshteli AH, Mohammadi N, Feizi A, Taslimi M, Adibi P. What's the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety? Journal of Research İn Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 2014;19(10), 944-949.
39. Sani G, Janiri D, Di Nicola M, Janiri L, Ferretti S, Chieffo D. Mental health during and after the COVID‐19 emergency in Italy. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2020;74:372-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13004
40. Schubert, M.; Ludwig, J.; Freiberg, A.; Hahne, T.M.; RomeroStarke, K.; Girbig, M.; Faller, G.;Apfelbacher, C.; von dem Knesebeck, O.; Seidler, A. Stigmatization from Work-Related COVID-19 Exposure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126183
41. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry And Clinical Neurosciences 2020;74(4):281.
42. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020.
43. TÜBA. (Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi) (2020). COVİD 19 pandemi değerlendirme raporu. http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/Covid-19%20Raporu-Final+.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021).
44. Türk Psikiyatri Derneği. COVID-19 ve damgalama. https://psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202019327-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf, 2020. (Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2021).
45. World Health Organization. (2020). https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1.
46. Yuan Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang QE, Zhang L, Cheung T, Jackson T, Xiang YT et al. COVID-19-related stigma and its sociodemographic correlates: a comparative study. Globalization and health 2021;17(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00705-4
47. Zimmet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess 1988;52:30-41.