A Potential Risk Factor for the Occurrence of Postpartum Depression: Obstetric Violence

Öz

Abstract: Postpartum depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the postpartum period. Women with postpartum depression are at risk for reasons such as physical and psychological health, low quality of life, partner relationships, substance use, self-harm due to suicidal ideation. In addition, postpartum depression negatively affects the weak mother-infant interaction, mother-infant attachment, parenting style and sensitivity, and decreased/difficult breastfeeding, and poses a risk for the development of the baby. Considering the effects of postpartum depression, the primary step to prevent the disease is to identify the risk factors that play a role in the formation of the disease and to focus on early interventions. In this context, in this review, it is aimed to draw attention to the importance of preventing obstetric violence in protecting women's mental health by giving information about the concept, types, risk factors and effects of disrespect during childbirth and abuse/obstetric violence, which are potential risk factors in the formation of postpartum depression. Keywords: Disrespect and abuse; health professional; obstetric violence; postpartum depression.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Disrespect and abuse
• health professional
• obstetric violence
• postpartum depression

Postpartum Depresyonun Oluşumunda Potansiyel Bir Risk Faktörü: Obstetrik Şiddet

Öz

Öz: Postpartum depresyon, doğum sonrası dönemde oldukça yaygın görülen önemli ruhsal hastalıklardan biridir. Postpartum depresyonu olan kadın fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlık, düşük yaşam kalitesi, partner ilişkileri, madde kullanımı, intihar düşüncesi nedeniyle kendine zarar verme gibi nedenlerle risk altındadır. Bunun yanı sıra postpartum depresyon zayıf anne-bebek etkileşimini, anne-bebek bağlanmasını, ebeveynlik stilini ve duyarlılığını, emzirmenin azalmasını/güçleşmesini olumsuz yönde etkileyerek bebeğin gelişimi için de risk oluşturmaktadır. Postpartum depresyonun etkileri göz önüne alındığında hastalığın önlenmesi için öncelikli adım hastalığın oluşumunda rol oynayan risk faktörlerini tanımlamak ve erken müdahalelere odaklanmaktır. Bu bağlamda bu derlemede, postpartum depresyonun oluşumunda potansiyel bir risk faktörü olan doğum sırasında saygısızlık ve istismar/obstetrik şiddet kavramı, türleri, risk faktörleri ve etkileri konusunda bilgi verilerek, kadın ruh sağlığının korunmasında obstetrik şiddetin önlenmesinin önemine dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Obstetrik şiddet; postpartum depresyon; sağlık profesyoneli; saygısızlık ve istismar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Obstetrik şiddet
• postpartum depresyon
• sağlık profesyoneli
• saygısızlık ve istismar

Kaynakça

1. Abuya, T., Ndwiga, C., Ritter, J., Kanya, L., Bellows, B., Binkin, N., Warren, C. E. (2015). The effect of a multi-component intervention on disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Kenya. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 1-14. doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0645-6
2. Acar, Z., Şahin, N. (2021). Kadınların obstetrik şiddet deneyimleri: sistematik derleme. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(3), 509-519. doi:10.26559/mersinsbd. 807530
3. Açıkgöz, G., Baykal, U. (2023). Yasal düzenlemeler çerçevesinde hemşirelerin mesleki rolleri ve özerklik. Istanbul Kent University Journal of Health Sciences, 2(1), 29-34.
4. Adinew, Y. M., Hall, H., Marshall, A., Kelly, J. (2021). Disrespect and abuse during facility‐based childbirth in central Ethiopia. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1080/16549716.2021.1923327
5. Alshikh Ahmad, H., Alkhatib, A., Luo, J. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta–analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, 1-12. doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9
6. Altundal Duru, H. (2022). İnsan yaşam döngüsünün psikiyatrik riskler açısından değerlendirilmesi. N. Ulutaşdemir, C. Aktuğ, M. Kabakuş (Ed.), Sağlık bilimlerinde seçme konular-II içinde (s.309-336). Ankara: İksad Yayınevi.
7. Annborn, A., Finnbogadóttir, H. R. (2022). Obstetric violence a qualitative interview study. Midwifery, 105, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103212
8. Aşçı, Ö., Bal, M. D. (2023). The prevalence of obstetric violence experienced by women during childbirth care and its associated factors in Türkiye: A cross-sectional study. Midwifery, 1-30. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103766

9. Avcı, N., Kaydırak, M. M. (2023). A qualitative study of women's experiences with obstetric violence during childbirth in Turkey. Midwifery, 121, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103658
10. Bobo, F. T., Kebebe Kasaye, H., Etana, B., Woldie, M., Feyissa, T. R. (2019). Disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Western Ethiopia: should women continue to tolerate?. Plos One, 14(6), 1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217126
11. Brummelte, S., Galea, L. A. (2016). Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 153-166. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008
12. Castro, R., Frías, S. M. (2020). Obstetric violence in Mexico: results from a 2016 national household survey. Violence Against Women, 26(6-7), 555-572. doi:10.1177/1077801219836732
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Depression among women. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/index.html
14. Dynes, M. M., Twentyman, E., Kelly, L., Maro, G., Msuya, A. A., Dominico, S., … Serbanescu, F. (2018). Patient and provider determinants for receipt of three dimensions of respectful maternity care in Kigoma Region, Tanzania-April-July, 2016. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1-24. doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0486-7
15. Edward, M. M., Kibanda, Z. (2023). Obstetric violence: a public health concern. Health Science Reports, 6(1), 1-2. doi:10.1002%2Fhsr2.1026
16. Erdoğan, A., Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2020). Doğum sonrası depresyonun tanı ve tedavisi: bir gözden geçirme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 11(39), 31-37.
17. Fuentes, F. F. A., Arteaga, E., San Sebastián, M. (2022). social ınequalities in women exposed to obstetric and gyneco-obstetric violence in Ecuador: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women's Health, 22(1), 1-8. doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01998-2
18. İsbir, G. G., İnci, F. (2014). Travmatik doğum ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi, 1(1), 29-40.
19. Kane, S., Rial, M., Kok, M., Matere, A., Dieleman, M., Broerse, J. E. (2018). Too afraid to go: fears of dignity violations as reasons for non-use of maternal health services in South Sudan. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1-11. doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0487-6
20. Kilci, Ş., Bozkurt, Ö. D., Saruhan, A. (2020). Bir kadın hakkı ihlali: obstetrik şiddet. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 29(2), 122-128. doi:10.17827/aktd.535574
21. Kocaman, N. (2005a). Genel hastane uygulamasında psikososyal bakım ve konsültasyon liyezon psikiyatrisi hemşireliği. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 9(1), 49-54.
22. Kocaman, N. (2005b). Konsültasyon liyezon psikiyatrisi hemşireliği ve rolü nedir?. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 107-118.
23. Kujawski, S., Mbaruku, G., Freedman, L. P., Ramsey, K., Moyo, W., Kruk, M. E. (2015). Association between disrespect and abuse during childbirth and women’s confidence in health facilities in Tanzania. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19, 2243-2250. doi:10.1007/s10995-015-1743-9
24. Lansky, S., Souza, K. V. D., Peixoto, E. R. D. M., Oliveira, B. J., Diniz, C. S. G., Vieira, N. F., … Friche, A. A. D. L. (2019). Obstetric violence: influences of the Senses of Birth exhibition in pregnant women childbirth experience. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 24(8), 2811-2824. doi:10.1590/1413-81232018248.30102017
25. Leite, T. H., Marques, E. S., Mesenburg, M. A., Da Silveira, M. F., Do Carmo Leal, M. (2023). The effect of obstetric violence during childbirth on breastfeeding: findings from a perinatal cohort “Birth in Brazil”. The Lancet Regional Health–Americas, 19: 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100438
26. Leite, T. H., Pereira, A. P. E., Do Carmo Leal, M., Da Silva, A. A. M. (2020). Disrespect and abuse towards women during childbirth and postpartum depression: findings from birth in Brazil study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 391-401. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.052
27. Martinez-Vázquez, S., Hernández-Martínez, A., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., Delgado-Rodríguez, M., Martínez-Galiano, J. M. (2022). Relationship between perceived obstetric violence and the risk of postpartum depression: an observational study. Midwifery, 108, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103297
28. Martinez-Galiano, J. M., Martinez-Vazquez, S., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., Hernández-Martinez, A. (2021). The magnitude of the problem of obstetric violence and its associated factors: a cross-sectional study. Women and Birth, 34(5), 526-536. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.002
29. Martinez-Vázquez, S., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., Hernández-Martínez, A., Martínez-Galiano, J. M. (2021). Factors associated with postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following obstetric violence: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(5), 1-11. doi:10.3390/jpm11050338
30. Mena-Tudela, D., Iglesias-Casás, S., González-Chordá, V. M., Cervera-Gasch, Á., Andreu-Pejó, L., Valero-Chilleron, M. J. (2020). Obstetric violence in Spain (part I): women’s perception and interterritorial differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1-14. doi:10.3390/ijerph17217726
31. Mihret, M. S. (2019). obstetric violence and ıts associated factors among postnatal women in a Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 1-7. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4614-4
32. Molla, W., Wudneh, A., Tilahun, R. (2022). Obstetric violence and associated factors among women during facility based childbirth at Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 1-14. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04895-6
33. Mughal, S., Azhar, Y., Siddiqui, W. (2022). Postpartum depression. In Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
34. Özcan, N. K., Boyacıoğlu, N. E., Dinç, H. (2017). Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(4), 420-428. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006
35. Paiz, J. C., de Jezus Castro, S. M., Giugliani, E. R. J., Dos Santos Ahne, S. M., Aqua, C. B. D., Giugliani, C. (2022). Association between mistreatment of women during childbirth and symptoms suggestive of postpartum depression. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04978-4
36. Perera, D., Lund, R., Swahnberg, K., Schei, B., Infanti, J. J. (2018). ‘When helpers hurt’: women’s and midwives’ stories of obstetric violence in state health institutions, Colombo district, Sri Lanka. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 1-12. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1869-z
37. Perrotte, V., Chaudhary, A., Goodman, A. (2020). “At least your baby is healthy” obstetric violence or disrespect and abuse in childbirth occurrence worldwide: a literature review. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10(11), 1544-1562. doi:10.4236/ojog.2020.10110139
38. Sadler, M., Santos, M. J., Ruiz-Berdún, D., Rojas, G. L., Skoko, E., Gillen, P., Clausen, J. A. (2016). Moving beyond disrespect and abuse: addressing the structural dimensions of obstetric violence. Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 47-55. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.04.002
39. Silveira, M. F., Mesenburg, M. A., Bertoldi, A. D., De Mola, C. L., Bassani, D. G., Domingues, M. R., … Coll, C. V. (2019). The association between disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth and postpartum depression: findings from the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 441-447. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.016
40. Šimonović, D. (2019). A human rights-based approach to mistreatment and violence against women in reproductive health services with a focus on childbirth and obstetric violence: UN. Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3823698
41. Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: a systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women's Health, 15, 1-55. doi:10.1177%2F1745506519844044
42. Souza, K. J. D., Rattner, D., Gubert, M. B. (2017). Institutional violence and quality of service in obstetrics are associated with postpartum depression. Revista de Saude Publica, 51, 1-11. doi:10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051006549
43. Stewart, D. E., Vigod, S. N. (2019). Postpartum depression: pathophysiology, treatment, and emerging therapeutics. Annual Review of Medicine, 70, 183-196. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106
44. Van Der Pijl, M. S., Verhoeven, C. J., Verweij, R., Van Der Linden, T., Kingma, E., Hollander, M. H., De Jonge, A. (2022). Disrespect and abuse during labour and birth amongst 12,239 women in the Netherlands: a national survey. Reproductive Health, 19(1), 1-16. doi:10.1186/s12978-022-01460-4
45. Vedam, S., Stoll, K., Taiwo, T. K., Rubashkin, N., Cheyney, M., Strauss, N., … the GVtM-US Steering Council. (2019). The Giving Voice to Mothers study: inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in The United States. Reproductive Health, 16(1), 1-18. doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0729-2
46. Wang, Z., Liu, J., Shuai, H., Cai, Z., Fu, X., Liu, Y., … Yang, B. X. (2021). Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01692-1
47. World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). The Prevention and Elimination of Disrespect and Abuse During Facility-Based Childbirth. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/134588/WHO_RHR_14.23_eng.pdf
48. Yakupova, V., Suarez, A. (2022). Postpartum PTSD and birth experience in Russian-speaking women. Midwifery, 112, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103385
49. Yaylacı, N. (2022). İnsan hakları perspektifinden “doğum şiddeti’’. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 159, 123-154.
50. Yılmaz, M., Yar, D. (2021). Gebelik ve postpartum dönemde kadın ruh sağlığı: derleme çalışması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 93-100.