Psikiyatri Hasta Yakınlarında Travmatik Büyümenin Bakım Yüküne Etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, psikiyatrik hasta yakınlarında travmatik büyümenin bakım yüküne etkisini incelemek amaçlandı. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışma ilişki arayıcı ve tanımlayıcı desende hasta yakınları ile yapıldı. Çalışmanın örneklemine 251 hasta yakını alındı. Tanımlayıcı verilerin analizinde ortalama, standart sapma, minumum, maksimum, sayı ve yüzde kullanıldı. Sosyodemografik değişkenlerin ölçek toplam puan ortalamalarına göre gruplar arası incelenmesinde Student-t testi ile ANOVA testi, ölçek toplam puan ve alt ölçek puan ortalamaları arasındaki ilişki Pearson korelasyon testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan bakım verenlerin %41’inin 35-40 yaşları arasında ve %54,6’sının kadın, %40,6’sının ilköğretim mezunu, %92,4’ünün evli olduğu ve %58.6’sının şehirde yaşadığı belirlendi. Yapılan analizlerde bakım verilen bireyin yakınlık ilişkisine göre bakım verme yükü toplam puanlarının gruplara göre anlamlı olarak değiştiği belirlendi. eş, kardeş ve akrabaların, anne ve babalara göre bakım yükü puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi (p<0.001). Bakım verme yükü üzerine etki eden faktörlerin açıklayıcı gücünü belirlemek amacıyla yapılan çoklu regresyon analizinde Travma Sonrası Büyüme Envanteri toplam puan ve bakım verenlerin yakınlık derecesi değişkenleri ile kurulan modelin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu belirlendi (F:3.96, p: 0.020). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada orta düzeyde travmatik bir büyüme ile orta düzeyde bakım yükü olduğu ve değişkenler arasında ilişki olmadığı saptandı. Bu durumun nedeninin bakım verme sürecinin devam etmesinden kaynaklı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bakım veren yükünün azaltılması için bireyin psikososyal yönden değerlendirilmesi gereklidir.

The Effect of Traumatic Growth on The Care Burden of The Relatives of Psychiatric Patients

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of traumatic growth on the care burden of the relatives of psychiatric patients. Method: The study was conducted using a relationship-seeking and descriptive design with the relatives of patients. The research sample consisted of 251 relatives of patients. For the descriptive analysis of the data, mean, standard deviation, number and percentage were used, and for the comparisons of the data, Student-t test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test were applied. Results: According to the results obtained in the study, 41% of the caregivers participating in the study were between the ages of 35-40; 54.6% were women; 40.6% were primary school graduates; 92.4% were married; and 58.6% lived in the city. The analyses revealed that the total scores of Caregiving Burden differed significantly with respect to the groups, depending on the degree of relationship with the individual receiving care. It was found that spouses, siblings and relatives had higher care burden scores when compared to mothers and fathers (p<0.001). It was seen that the model established with the variables of the caregivers' degree of relationship and the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory total score was statistically significant (F:3.96, p: 0.020). Conclusion: In this study, it was concluded that there was a moderate level of traumatic growth and moderate and severe burden perceptions. No relationship was found between traumatic growth and care burden, indicating that these processes of caregivers continued. In order to reduce the caregiver burden, it is necessary to evaluate the individual psychosocially.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mental health
• caregiver
• post-traumatic growth
• care burden

Kaynakça

1. Achterhof, R., Dorahy, M. J., Rowlands, A., Renouf, C., Britt, E., and Carter, J. D. (2018). Predictors of posttraumatic growth 10–11 months after a fatal earthquake. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(2), 208. doi.org/10.1037/tra0000286
2. Alexander, G., Bebee, C. E., Chen, K. M., Vignes, R. M. D., Dixon, B., Escoffery, R., ... and Jackson, M. D. (2016). Burden of caregivers of adult patients with schizophrenia in a predominantly African ancestry population. Quality of Life Research, 25, 393–400. doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-1077-5
3. Arabacı, L. B., Büyükbayram, A., Aktaş, Y., and Taşkın, N. (2018). Effects of psychoeducation applied to caregivers of patients diagnosed with chronic mental disorder on caregivers’ difficulties and psychosocial adaptations. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 9(3), 175–185. doi:10.14744/phd.2018.88700
4. Arguvanlı, S., and Taçcı, S. (2013). The problems of caregivers in bipolar disorder. Erciyes University Journal of Health Sciences Faculty, 1, 21–30
5. Aylaz, R., and Yıldız, E. (2018). The care burden and coping levels of chronic psychiatric patients' caregivers. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 54(2), 230–241. doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12228
6. Balaban, O. D., Yazar, M. S., Aydin, E., Agachanli, R., and Yumrukcalı, H. (2017). Posttraumatic growth and its correlates in primary caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(4), 442. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_18_17
7. Barskova, T., and Oesterreich, R. (2009). Post-traumatic growth in people living with a serious medical condition and its relations to physical and mental health: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(21), 1709–1733. doi.org/10.1080/09638280902738441
8. Boyle, C. C., Stanton, A. L., Ganz, P. A., and Bower, J. E. (2017). Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: Does age matter? Psycho-Oncology, 26(6), 800–807. doi.org/10.1002/pon.4091

9. Carod-Artal, F. J., and Egido, J. A. (2009). Quality of life after stroke: The importance of a good recovery. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 27(1), 204–214. doi.org/10.1159/000200461
10. Cham, C. Q., Ibrahim, N., Siau, C. S., Kalaman, C. R., Ho, M. C., Yahya, A. N., ... and Lee, K. W. (2022). Caregiver burden among caregivers of patients with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare, 10(12), 2423. doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122423
11. Duman, Z. Ç., and Bademli, K. (2013). Families of chronic psychiatric patients: A systematic review. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 5, 78–94. doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130506
12. Dursun, P., and Söylemez, İ. (2020). Posttraumatic growth: A comprehensive evaluation of the recently revised model. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 31(1). doi.org/10.5080/u23694
13. George, D., and Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson
14. Gülseren, L., Çam, B., Karakoç, B., Yiğit, T., Danacı, A. E., Çubukçuoğlu, Z., ... and Mete, L. (2010). Influencing factors on perceived family burden in schizophrenia. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 203–212
15. Haselden, M. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde travma sonrası büyümeyi yordayan çeşitli değişkenlerin Türk ve Amerikan kültürlerinde incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
16. İnci, F. H. (2006). Bakım verme yükü ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması, geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli
17. İnci, F., and Boztepe, H. (2013). Post-traumatic growth: If something that is not killing could be strengthened? Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(2), 80–85. doi:10.5505/phd.2013.29392
18. Kağan, M., Güleç, M., Boysan, M., and Çavuş, H. (2012). Hierarchical factor structure of the Turkish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617–624
19. Kızılırmak, B., Ertem, M., and Kılıçaslan, E. E. (2023). Being a caregiver in the management of chronic mental illness: A phenomenological qualitative research. Journal of Human Sciences, 20(1), 16–25. doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v20i1.6317
20. Lechner, S. C., Carver, C. S., and Antoni, M. H. (2006). Curvilinear associations between benefit finding and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 828–840. doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.828
21. Linley, P. A., and Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21. doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
22. Liu, Z., Heffernan, C., and Tan, J. (2020). Caregiver burden: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(4), 438–445. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.07.012
23. Loi, S. M., Dow, B., Moore, K., Hill, K., Russell, M., Cyarto, E., ... and Lautenschlager, N. T. (2015). The adverse mental health of carers: Does the patient's diagnosis play a role? Maturitas, 82(1), 134–138. doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.06.034
24. Lowyck, B., De Hert, M., Peeters, E., Wampers, M., Gilis, P., and Peuskens, J. (2004). A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients. European Psychiatry, 19, 395–401. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.006
25. Luchsinger, J. A., Tipiani, D., Torres-Patiño, G., Silver, S., Eimicke, J. P., Ramirez, M., ... and Mittelman, M. (2015). Characteristics and mental health of Hispanic dementia caregivers. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 30(6), 584–590. doi.org/10.1177/1533317514568340
26. Mora-Castañeda, B., Márquez-González, M., Fernández-Liria, A., de la Espriella, R., Torres, N., and Borrero, A. A. (2018). Clinical and demographic variables associated with coping and caregiver burden. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 47(1), 13–20. doi.org/10.1016/j.rcpeng.2017.12.001
27. Mulud, Z. A., and McCarthy, G. (2017). Caregiver burden among caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(1), 24–30. doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.019
28. Navidian, A., and Bahari, F. (2008). Burden experienced by family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 23, 19–28
29. Nergiz, Z. (2019). Şizofreni hastalarının bakım vericilerinin bakım yükü ve aile bütünlüğü (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ordu Üniversitesi, Ordu
30. Olawale, K. O., Mosaku, K. S., Fatoye, F. O., Mapayi, B. M., and Oginni, O. A. (2014). Caregiver burden in families of patients with depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(6), 743–747. doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.08.008
31. Ostwald, S. K., Berna, M. P., Cron, G. S., and Godwin, K. M. (2009). Stress experienced by stroke survivors and caregivers. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 16(2), 93–104. doi.org/10.1310/tsr1602-93
32. Özateş, M. E., Yılmaz Özpolat, A. G., and Göğüş, A. K. (2022). Posttraumatic growth in caregivers of schizophrenia patients. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31(6), 816–827. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.2013378
33. Özdemir, M. (2017). Travma yaşamış üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım arama (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon
34. Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butollo, W., Tedeschi, R. G., and Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 71–83. doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10117
35. Salant, P., and Dillman, D. A. (1994). How to Conduct Your Own Survey. New York: Wiley
36. Sit, H. F., Huang, L., Chang, K., Chau, W. L., and Hall, B. J. (2020). Caregiving burden among informal caregivers. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(3), 790–813. doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12434
37. Souza, A. L. R., Guimarães, R. A., et al. (2017). Factors associated with caregiver burden. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1501-1
38. Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson
39. Tedeschi, R. G., and Calhoun, L. G. (1996). Trauma and Transformation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
40. Von Kardorff, E., Soltaninejad, A., Kamali, M., and Eslami Shahrbabaki, M. (2016). Family caregiver burden in mental illnesses. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(4), 248–254. doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1084372
41. Walke, S. C., Chandrasekaran, V., and Mayya, S. S. (2018). Caregiver burden and coping mechanisms. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 9(2), 180–185. doi:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_312_17
42. Yıldırım, S., Yalçıner, N., and Güler, C. (2017). Caregiver burden in chronic mental illness: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(3). doi:10.14744/phd.2017.60783
43. Yigitalp, G., Sürücü, H. A., Gumus, F., and Evinç, E. (2017). Predictors of caregiver burden. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(3), 1168
44. Zarit, S. R., Reever, K. E., and Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly. Gerontologist, 20(6), 649–655. doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649
45. Zhang, W., Yan, T. T., Barriball, K. L., While, A. E., and Liu, X. R. (2015). Post-traumatic growth in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 19(1), 29–37. doi.org/10.1177/1362361313509732