Araştırma Makalesi
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Birth at Home Experiences of Women: Phenomenological Study

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 23 - 38, 27.04.2021

Öz

Objectıve: The aim of this study is to reveal how women perform subjective home birth experiences based on process as prenatal experiences, birth experiences and postpartum experiences.
Method: In this study, phenomenology pattern was used with qualitative research method. In the sample selection of this study, the criteria sampling method from the purpose sampling method was used. The data was evaluated by content analysis. Data was collected in two forms as ‘Information Form identifying women giving birth at home and semi-structured in-depth ‘Individual Interview Form’. All questions are open-ended. The drilling question of each question has been prepared. The interviews were conducted at the individuals’ own homes using the face-to-face interview method. All interviews were recorded on a voice recorder with the permission of the participants. The in-depth interview started with the question “Could you tell me about your birth at home, please?”.
Results: In this study, the ages of women (n=20) ranged from 21 to 47. The number of home births for women was at least one and at most 13. Before giving birth at home, 55% of women planned to have a home birth, and 45% of them had a home birth for various reasons although they did not plan to give birth at home. Home birth experience consists of three complementary processes and 5 main themes, 14 themes and 37 sub-themes. Home birth preparation was the first process; its main theme had percepted of birth at home. The themes that make up this main theme are the perception of home, internal formations and the perception of comfort. The main theme of the second process, which reflects the operational dimension of the home birth experience, is women who give birth. The themes that formed this main theme were the influence of birth positions, emotional life experiences at birth. The main theme of the process was the effected of birth positions, emotional life experiences at birth. The main theme of the third process, which is the last process of labor, is postpartum gains which consist of emotional gains, behavioral acquisitions, and cognitive acquisition’s themes. the gains after the act of birth consists of themes of emotional gains, behavioral gains, and cognitive gains.
Conclusion: When the home birth experiences of women are evaluated, it is seen that they are organized under 5 main themes. These include perception of home birth, factors affecting home birth decision making, preparation for birth, interactions with women's inner worlds and environments during childbirth, and postpartum emotional, behavioural and cognitive gains. The factors that take women home should be integrated into healthcare facilities so that the home birth is not sustained for generations.

Kaynakça

  • Abd El-Aziz, S. N., Mansour, S. E. S., Hassan, N. F. (2017). Factors associated with fear of childbirth: It’s effect on women’s preference for elective cesarean section. Journal of Nursing Edication, 7(1), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v7n1p133.
  • Ahmad Tajuddin, N. A. N., Suhaimi, J., Ramdzan, S. N., Malek, K. A., Ismail, I. A., Shamsuddin, N. H., ... Othman, S. (2020). Why women chose unassisted home birth in Malaysia: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02987-9
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2013). Planned home birth. Pediatrics, 131(5), 1016-1020. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0575
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, (2016). Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 669: Planned Home Birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 128(2), e26-31. Doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001586
  • Almeida, M. F. D., Alencar, G. P., Novaes, M. H. D., França Jr, I., Siqueira, A. A., Schoeps, D., ... Rodrigues, L. (2005). Accidental home deliveries in southern Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista de Saude Publica, 39(3), 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102005000300006
  • Aziato, L., Omenyo, C. N. (2018). Initiation of traditional birth attendants and their traditional and spiritual practices during pregnancy and childbirth in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1691-7
  • Bertholdt, C., Epstein, J., Banasiak, C., Ligier, F., Dahlhoff, S., Olieric, M. F., ... Morel, O. (2020). Birth experience during COVID-19 confinement (CONFINE): protocol for a multicentre prospective study. BMJ Open, 10(12), e043057. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043057.
  • Blais, R. (2002). Are home births safe?. CMAJ, 166(3), 335-336.
  • Boucher, D., Bennett, C., McFarlin, B., Freeze, R. (2009). Staying home to give birth: why women in the United States choose home birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 54(2), 119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.09.006
  • Callister, L. C., Khalaf, I. (2010). Spirituality in childbearing women. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 19(2), 16-24. doi: 10.1624/105812410X495514.
  • Carlsson, I. M., Larsson, I., Jormfeldt, H. (2020). Place and space in relation to childbirth: a critical interpretive synthesis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(sup1), 1667143. doi: 10.1080/17482631.2019.1667143
  • Catling‐Paull, C., Coddington, R. L., Foureur, M. J., Homer, C. S. (2013). Publicly funded homebirth in Australia: a review of maternal and neonatal outcomes over 6 years. Medical Journal of Australia, 198(11), 616-620. doi: 10.5694/mja12.11665
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni.(Çev: M. Bütün; Ş.B. Demir) Ankara: Siyasal Kitavevi
  • Dahlen, H. G., Barclay, L. M., Homer, C. (2008). Preparing for the first birth: mothers’ experiences at home and in hospital in Australia. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 17(4), 21-32. doi: 10.1624 / 105812408X364143
  • Davis‐Floyd, R., Davis, E. (1996). Intuition as authoritative knowledge in midwifery and homebirth. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 10(2), 237-269. doi:10.1525/maq.1996.10.2.02a00080
  • Diana, L., Glaucia, L., Adriana, C., Israel Jr, F. (2018). Out-of-hospital deliveries: A case-control study. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 53(2), 87-95. doi: 10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.6269.
  • Downe, S., Finlayson, K., Oladapo, O., Bonet, M., Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2018). What matters to women during childbirth: a systematic qualitative review. PloS one, 13(4), e0194906. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194906.
  • Dunn, P. (2004). Childbirth: home or hospital? British Journal of Midwifery, 12(6), 380 – 385. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2004.12.6.13140
  • Edmonds, J. K., Jones, E. J. (2013). Intrapartum Nurses’ Perceived Influence on Delivery Mode Decisions and Outcomes. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 42(1), 3–11. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01422.x
  • Fletcher, B. R., Rowe, R., Hollowell, J., Scanlon, M., Hinton, L., Rivero-Arias, O. (2019). Exploring women’s preferences for birth settings in England: A discrete choice experiment. PloS One, 14(4), e0215098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215098.
  • FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. Planned home birth. FIGO Committee Report. February 2013;120(2):204-5. Erişim adresi: https://www.figo.org/decision-making-about-vaginal-and-caesarean-delivery Erişim tarihi:15.12.2020
  • Foureur, M., Davis, D., Fenwick, J., Leap, N., Iedema, R., Forbes, I., & Homer, C. S. (2010). The relationship between birth unit design and safe, satisfying birth: Developing a hypothetical model. Midwifery, 26(5), 520-525. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.05.015.
  • Gibbins, J., Thomson, A. M. (2001). Women's expectations and experiences of childbirth. Midwifery, 17(4), 302-313. doi: 10.1054/midw.2001.0263.
  • Gupta, J. K., Sood, A., Hofmeyr, G. J., Vogel, J. P. (2017). Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002006.
  • Güvenç, B. (1999). İnsan ve kültür. Ankara: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2019). Doğum Hizmetleri. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması. Hacettepe Üiversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Tübitak. Ankara. Türkiye S:114-117
  • Hodnett, E. D., Gates, S., Hofmeyr, G. J., Sakala, C. (2007). Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003766.pub2
  • İnanç, N., Hatipoğlu, S.(1995). Sağlıklı toplum için sağlıklı aile. GATA Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11-31.
  • Johnson, T. R., Callister, L. C., Freeborn, D. S., Beckstrand, R. L., Huender, K. (2007). Dutch women's perceptions of childbirth in the Netherlands. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 32(3), 170-177. doi: 10.1097/01.NMC.0000269567.09809.b5.
  • Jouhki, M. R., Suominen, T., Åstedt-Kurki, P. (2017). Giving birth on our own terms–Women's experience of childbirth at home. Midwifery, 53, 35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.07.008
  • Karaçam, Z. (2001). Doğum sırasında kullanılan pozisyonların anne ve bebek sağlığına etkisi. CÜ Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 5(2), 56-60.
  • Khresheh, R., Barclay, L., Shoqirat, N. (2019). Caring behaviours by midwives: Jordanian women's perceptions during childbirth. Midwifery, 74, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.006
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  • Murray-Davis, B., McNiven, P., McDonald, H., Malott, A., Elarar, L., Hutton, E. (2012). Why home birth? A qualitative study exploring women's decision making about place of birth in two Canadian provinces. Midwifery, 28(5), 576-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.01.013
  • NİCE, (2014). Birmingham's dedicated home birth service (CG190). Erişim adresi: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/chapter/Recommendations#place-of-birth Parmar, A., Khanpara, H., Kartha, G. (2013). A study on taboos and misconceptions associated with pregnancy among rural women of Surendranagar district. Healthline Global Journal of Healthcare, 4(2),4. Patton, Q M. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. (Çev: M.Bütün; S.B., Demir) 3. Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Renesme, L., Garlantézec, R., Anouilh, F., Bertschy, F., Carpentier, M., Sizun, J. (2013). Accidental out‐of‐hospital deliveries: a case–control study. Acta Paediatrica, 102(4), e174-e177. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12156
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Kadınların Evde Doğum Deneyimleri: Fenomenoloji Çalışması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 23 - 38, 27.04.2021

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı; kadınların, öznel evde doğum deneyimlerini nasıl gerçekleştirdiğini doğum öncesi deneyimler, doğum deneyimleri ve doğum sonrası deneyimler olarak süreç temelli ortaya çıkarmaktır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi ile fenomenoloji deseni kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın örneklem seçiminde, amaçlı örnekleme yönteminden ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler içerik analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler ’Evde Doğum Yapan Kadınları Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu‘ ve yarı yapılandırılmış ’Derinlemesine Bireysel Görüşme Formu‘ olarak iki form ile toplanmıştır. Soruların tamamı açık uçludur. Her bir sorunun sondaj sorusu hazırlanmıştır. Görüşmeler bireylerin kendi evlerinde, yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerin tamamı katılımcılardan izin alınarak ses kayıt cihazına kaydedilmiştir. Derinlemesine görüşmeye “Evde doğumunuzu anlatır mısınız, lütfen?” sorusu ile başlanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Bu çalışmada kadınların (n=20) yaşları 21 ile 47 arasında değişmektedir. Kadınların evde doğum sayıları en az bir en fazla 13’tür. Evde doğum yapmadan önce kadınların %55’ i evde doğum yapmayı planlamış, %45’i ise evde doğum yapmayı planlamadığı halde çeşitli nedenlerle evde doğum yapmıştır. Evde doğum deneyimi, birbirini tamamlayan üç süreç ile beş ana tema, 14 tema ve 37 alt temalardan oluşmaktadır. Evde doğuma hazırlık birinci süreç olup; ana teması evde doğum algısıdır. Bu ana temayı oluşturan temalar, ev algısı, içsel oluşumlar ve konfor algısıdır. Evde doğum deneyiminin eylemsel boyutunu yansıtan ikinci sürecin ana teması ise doğum yaptıran kadınlardır. Bu ana temayı oluşturan temalar ise doğum pozisyonlarının etkisi, doğumda duygusal yaşam deneyimleridir. Doğum eyleminin son süreci üçüncü süreç ve ana teması doğum eylemi sonrası kazanımlardır. Bu kazanımlar, duygusal kazanımlar, davranışsal kazanımlar ve bilişsel kazanımlar temalarından oluşmaktadır.
Sonuç: Kadınların evde doğum deneyimleri değerlendirildiğinde beş ana tema çatısı altında örgütlendiği görülmektedir. Bunlar, evde doğum algısı, evde doğum kararı vermeyi etkileyen faktörler, doğuma hazırlık, doğum sırasında kadınların içsel dünyaları ve çevreleri ile olan etkileşimleri ve doğum sonrası duygusal, davranışsal ve bilişsel kazanımlarından oluşmaktadır. Evde doğumun nesiller boyu sürmemesi için kadınları eve götüren faktörler sağlık tesislerine entegre edilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • Abd El-Aziz, S. N., Mansour, S. E. S., Hassan, N. F. (2017). Factors associated with fear of childbirth: It’s effect on women’s preference for elective cesarean section. Journal of Nursing Edication, 7(1), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v7n1p133.
  • Ahmad Tajuddin, N. A. N., Suhaimi, J., Ramdzan, S. N., Malek, K. A., Ismail, I. A., Shamsuddin, N. H., ... Othman, S. (2020). Why women chose unassisted home birth in Malaysia: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02987-9
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2013). Planned home birth. Pediatrics, 131(5), 1016-1020. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0575
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, (2016). Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 669: Planned Home Birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 128(2), e26-31. Doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001586
  • Almeida, M. F. D., Alencar, G. P., Novaes, M. H. D., França Jr, I., Siqueira, A. A., Schoeps, D., ... Rodrigues, L. (2005). Accidental home deliveries in southern Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista de Saude Publica, 39(3), 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102005000300006
  • Aziato, L., Omenyo, C. N. (2018). Initiation of traditional birth attendants and their traditional and spiritual practices during pregnancy and childbirth in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1691-7
  • Bertholdt, C., Epstein, J., Banasiak, C., Ligier, F., Dahlhoff, S., Olieric, M. F., ... Morel, O. (2020). Birth experience during COVID-19 confinement (CONFINE): protocol for a multicentre prospective study. BMJ Open, 10(12), e043057. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043057.
  • Blais, R. (2002). Are home births safe?. CMAJ, 166(3), 335-336.
  • Boucher, D., Bennett, C., McFarlin, B., Freeze, R. (2009). Staying home to give birth: why women in the United States choose home birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 54(2), 119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.09.006
  • Callister, L. C., Khalaf, I. (2010). Spirituality in childbearing women. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 19(2), 16-24. doi: 10.1624/105812410X495514.
  • Carlsson, I. M., Larsson, I., Jormfeldt, H. (2020). Place and space in relation to childbirth: a critical interpretive synthesis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(sup1), 1667143. doi: 10.1080/17482631.2019.1667143
  • Catling‐Paull, C., Coddington, R. L., Foureur, M. J., Homer, C. S. (2013). Publicly funded homebirth in Australia: a review of maternal and neonatal outcomes over 6 years. Medical Journal of Australia, 198(11), 616-620. doi: 10.5694/mja12.11665
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni.(Çev: M. Bütün; Ş.B. Demir) Ankara: Siyasal Kitavevi
  • Dahlen, H. G., Barclay, L. M., Homer, C. (2008). Preparing for the first birth: mothers’ experiences at home and in hospital in Australia. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 17(4), 21-32. doi: 10.1624 / 105812408X364143
  • Davis‐Floyd, R., Davis, E. (1996). Intuition as authoritative knowledge in midwifery and homebirth. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 10(2), 237-269. doi:10.1525/maq.1996.10.2.02a00080
  • Diana, L., Glaucia, L., Adriana, C., Israel Jr, F. (2018). Out-of-hospital deliveries: A case-control study. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 53(2), 87-95. doi: 10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.6269.
  • Downe, S., Finlayson, K., Oladapo, O., Bonet, M., Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2018). What matters to women during childbirth: a systematic qualitative review. PloS one, 13(4), e0194906. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194906.
  • Dunn, P. (2004). Childbirth: home or hospital? British Journal of Midwifery, 12(6), 380 – 385. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2004.12.6.13140
  • Edmonds, J. K., Jones, E. J. (2013). Intrapartum Nurses’ Perceived Influence on Delivery Mode Decisions and Outcomes. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 42(1), 3–11. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01422.x
  • Fletcher, B. R., Rowe, R., Hollowell, J., Scanlon, M., Hinton, L., Rivero-Arias, O. (2019). Exploring women’s preferences for birth settings in England: A discrete choice experiment. PloS One, 14(4), e0215098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215098.
  • FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. Planned home birth. FIGO Committee Report. February 2013;120(2):204-5. Erişim adresi: https://www.figo.org/decision-making-about-vaginal-and-caesarean-delivery Erişim tarihi:15.12.2020
  • Foureur, M., Davis, D., Fenwick, J., Leap, N., Iedema, R., Forbes, I., & Homer, C. S. (2010). The relationship between birth unit design and safe, satisfying birth: Developing a hypothetical model. Midwifery, 26(5), 520-525. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.05.015.
  • Gibbins, J., Thomson, A. M. (2001). Women's expectations and experiences of childbirth. Midwifery, 17(4), 302-313. doi: 10.1054/midw.2001.0263.
  • Gupta, J. K., Sood, A., Hofmeyr, G. J., Vogel, J. P. (2017). Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002006.
  • Güvenç, B. (1999). İnsan ve kültür. Ankara: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2019). Doğum Hizmetleri. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması. Hacettepe Üiversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Tübitak. Ankara. Türkiye S:114-117
  • Hodnett, E. D., Gates, S., Hofmeyr, G. J., Sakala, C. (2007). Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003766.pub2
  • İnanç, N., Hatipoğlu, S.(1995). Sağlıklı toplum için sağlıklı aile. GATA Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11-31.
  • Johnson, T. R., Callister, L. C., Freeborn, D. S., Beckstrand, R. L., Huender, K. (2007). Dutch women's perceptions of childbirth in the Netherlands. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 32(3), 170-177. doi: 10.1097/01.NMC.0000269567.09809.b5.
  • Jouhki, M. R., Suominen, T., Åstedt-Kurki, P. (2017). Giving birth on our own terms–Women's experience of childbirth at home. Midwifery, 53, 35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.07.008
  • Karaçam, Z. (2001). Doğum sırasında kullanılan pozisyonların anne ve bebek sağlığına etkisi. CÜ Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 5(2), 56-60.
  • Khresheh, R., Barclay, L., Shoqirat, N. (2019). Caring behaviours by midwives: Jordanian women's perceptions during childbirth. Midwifery, 74, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.006
  • Kringeland, T., Daltveit, A. K., Møller, A. (2010). What characterizes women who want to give birth as naturally as possible without painkillers or intervention?. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 1(1), 21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2009.09.001.
  • Lock, L.R., Gibb, H.J. (2003). The power of place. Midwifery, 19(2),132-139. doi: 10.1016/s0266-6138(02)00109-2.PMID: 12809633
  • MacDorman, M. F., Menacker, F., Declercq, E. (2010). Trends and characteristics of home and other out-of-hospital births in the United States, 1990-2006. National vital statistics reports: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 58(11),1-14.
  • Murray-Davis, B., McNiven, P., McDonald, H., Malott, A., Elarar, L., Hutton, E. (2012). Why home birth? A qualitative study exploring women's decision making about place of birth in two Canadian provinces. Midwifery, 28(5), 576-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.01.013
  • NİCE, (2014). Birmingham's dedicated home birth service (CG190). Erişim adresi: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/chapter/Recommendations#place-of-birth Parmar, A., Khanpara, H., Kartha, G. (2013). A study on taboos and misconceptions associated with pregnancy among rural women of Surendranagar district. Healthline Global Journal of Healthcare, 4(2),4. Patton, Q M. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. (Çev: M.Bütün; S.B., Demir) 3. Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Renesme, L., Garlantézec, R., Anouilh, F., Bertschy, F., Carpentier, M., Sizun, J. (2013). Accidental out‐of‐hospital deliveries: a case–control study. Acta Paediatrica, 102(4), e174-e177. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12156
  • Shah, R., Rehfuess, E. A., Maskey, M. K., Fischer, R., Bhandari, P. B., Delius, M. (2015). Factors affecting institutional delivery in rural Chitwan district of Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0454-y
  • Sialubanje, C., Massar, K., Hamer, D. H., Ruiter, R. A. (2015). Reasons for home delivery and use of traditional birth attendants in rural Zambia: A qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 216. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0652-7.
  • Sjöblom, I., Nordström, B., Edberg, A. K. (2006). A qualitative study of women's experiences of home birth in Sweden. Midwifery, 22(4), 348-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2005.11.004
  • Sluijs, A. M., Cleiren, M. P., Scherjon, S. A., Wijma, K. (2015). Does fear of childbirth or family history affect whether pregnant Dutch women prefer a home-or hospital birth?. Midwifery, 31(12), 1143-1148.
  • Springer, N.P., Van Weel, C. (1996). Home birth. BMJ, 313,1276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7068.1276
  • Thaddeus, S., Maine, D. (1994). Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Social Science & Medicine, 38(8), 1091-1110. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90226-7.
  • Van Haaren-Ten Haken, T., Hendrix, M., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Budé, L., de Vries, R., Nijhuis, J. (2012). Preferred place of birth: characteristics and motives of low-risk nulliparous women in the Netherlands. Midwifery, 28(5), 609-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.07.010
  • Victora, C. G., Aquino, E. M., do Carmo Leal, M., Monteiro, C. A., Barros, F. C., Szwarcwald, C. L. (2011). Maternal and child health in Brazil: progress and challenges. The Lancet, 377(9780), 1863-1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60138-4
  • World Health Statistics (2020). Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/data/gho/whs-2020-visual-summary
  • World Health Organization. (1999).Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Care in Normal Birth: A Practical Guide. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999. p.53
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (10. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zielinski, R., Ackerson, K., Low, L. K. (2015). Planned home birth: benefits, risks, and opportunities. International Journal of Women's Health, 7, 361-377. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S55561
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Özgün Araştırma
Yazarlar

Gülşen Çalış 0000-0002-6538-9585

Suheyla Özsoy Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5615-1893

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 8 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalış, G., & Özsoy, S. (2021). Kadınların Evde Doğum Deneyimleri: Fenomenoloji Çalışması. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 23-38.