Pandemiye İlişkin Güçlükler Ölçeği’nin Türk Örnekleminde Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özellikleri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 217 - 226, 29.08.2024

Nevin Günaydın , Sevgül Demirel

https://doi.org/10.53490/egehemsire.1208756

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de pandemi ile ilgili kişilerin yaşadıkları güçlükleri belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Haziran 2020'nin sonlarında toplam 500 katılımcı çevrimiçi bir anketi tamamladı. Pandemi ölçeğine ilişkin zorlukların belirlenmesi için Cronbach alfa güvenilirlik analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) kullanıldı. Çalışma verileri “kişisel bilgi formu” ve “pandemi ölçeğine bağlı güçlükler” kullanılarak çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. 'Pandemi Ölçeğine İlişkin Güçlükler (DPS) ölçeğinin geliştirilmesine yönelik istatistiksel analizler sonucunda ölçeğin dört faktör içerdiği ve iyi düzeyde güvenirlik gösterdiği (0.70-0.93) belirlendi. Yapı için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, dört faktörlü modelin uyumunu desteklemiştir (2.346, GFI= .975, RMSEA= .0051, SRMR=0.072). Elde edilen bulgular, pandemi ölçeğine (DPS) ilişkin zorlukların Türk toplumu için geçerli ve güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Pandemiye İlişkin Güçlükler Ölçeği (DPS), bireylerin salgın döneminde yaşadıkları güçlükleri belirleyen ve ihtiyaç duydukları psikososyal kaynakları belirlemek için kullanılabilecek düşük maliyetli bir ölçüm aracıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

pandemi, faktör analizi, duygusal güçlükler, bilişsel güçlükler, davranışsal güçlükler, ruh sağlığı

The Pandemic-Related Difficulties Scale: Its Development and Psychometric Features in a Turkish Sample

Öz

This study was performed with the aim of developing a scale to determine difficulties experienced by people related to the pandemic in Turkey. A total of 500 participants completed an online survey in late June 2020. Cronbach alpha reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for determination of the difficulties relating to the pandemic scale. The study data were collected online using a “personal information form” and the “difficulties related to the pandemic scale”. As a result of statistical analyses about development of the ‘Difficulties related to the Pandemic Scale (DPS)’ the scale was determined to contain four factors and exhibited good reliability (0.70-0.93). The confirmatory factor analysis results for the structure supported the fit of the four-factor model ( 2.346, GFI= .975, RMSEA= .0051, SRMR=0.072). The obtained findings show the difficulties related to the pandemic scale (DPS) can be validly and reliably used for Turkish society. Difficulties related to the Pandemic Scale (DPS) is a low-cost measurement tool that captures the difficulties individuals experience during the epidemic period and can be used to determine the psychosocial resources they need.

Anahtar Kelimeler

pandemic, factor analysis, affective difficulties, cognitive difficulties, behavioral difficulties, mental health

Kaynakça

• Akkuzu, H., Soft, F.N., Karaman, G., Ladikli, N., Türkkan, Z., Bahadır, E. (2020). Turkish reliability and validity study of the coronavirus anxiety scale. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology, 2(2), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.20.2.09
• Anadolu Agency. (2020). Being kept in disinformation while escaping from Kovid-19. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/kovid-19dan-kacarken-dezenformasyona tutulmak/1781644, Access: 15.12.2020
• Arpacı, İ., Karataş, K., Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
• Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 28,1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
• Baloran, T. (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes, Anxiety, and Coping Strategies of Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Loss And Trauma, 25(8),635–642.https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1769300
• Baltacı, N.N., Coşar, B. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Soul Body Relationship. Psychiatry and COVID-19. 1st Edition. Ankara: Turkey Clinics, 1-6.
• Biçer, İ., Cakmak, C., Demir, H., Kurt, M.E. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale short form: Turkish validity and reliability study. Anadolu Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences, 25 (Special Issue on Covid-19), 216-225. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.731092
• Bilge, Y., Bilge, Y. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and social isolation investigation of the effects on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23 (Attach 1), 38-51 https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.66934.
• Bilgin, O. (2020). Developing a coronavirus (Covid-19) awareness scale: validity and reliability study. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44168
• Bhuiyan, A.K.M.I., Sakib, N., Pakpour, AH., Griffiths, M.D., Mamun, M.A. (2020). COVID-19-related suicides in
• Bangladesh due to lockdown and economic factors: case study evidence from media reports. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00307-y
• Birimoğlu Okuyan, C., Karasu, F., Polat, F (2020). Health Anxiety Levels of Nursing Students of COVID-19 Effect on. Van Journal of Health Sciences, 13 (Special Issue): 45-52.
• Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Rubin, G.J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, O.E., Karadeniz, Ş. Demirel, F. (2012). Scientific research methods (11th edition). Pegem Academy, Ankara
• Chang, SL., Harding, N., Zachreson, C., Cliff, OM., Prokopenko, M (2020). Modelling transmission and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Nature Communications, 11, 5710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19393-6
• Chen, K-L., Hung, W-C., Lee, M-B., Chen, I-M., Wu, C-Y. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and coping behaviors of patients with treatment-resistant depression. HuLiZaZhi, 67(5),56-64. https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.202010_67(5).08
• Cohen, L., Manion, L. Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. NY, Routledge.
• Comrey AL, Lee HB. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Çakır, A., Gemlik, H.N. (2020). Perspective on COVID-19 in New Zealand. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research, 4(2),98-106 https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.746521
• Ekiz, T., Ilıman, E., Dönmez, E (2020). Comparison of individuals' health anxiety levels and perception of COVID-19 outbreak control. International Health Management and Strategies Research Journal, 6(1),139-154
• Esin, N. (2014). Data collection methods and tools, reliability and validity of data collection tools (1st ed). Istanbul: Nobel Medicine Bookstores.
• Fatma, S.N. (2023, February). Origin, Transmission and Spread of COVID-19: Lessons for Future. In 5th World Congress on Disaster Management: Volume III. Taylor & Francis. Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38,581-586.
• Gliem, J. A., Gliem, R. R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education
• Görgülü Arı, A., Hayır Kanat, M. (2020). Teacher Candidates' Views on Covid-19 (Coronavirus). Van Yüzüncü Yıl University The Journal of Social Sciences Institute Outbreak Diseases Special Issue, 459-492.
• Güvenir, T., Özbek, A., Baykara, B., Arkar, H., Şentürk, B., İncekaş, S (2008). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Strengths and Challenges Questionnaire (GGA). Journal of Child and Youth Mental Health, 15 (2),65-74
• Halayem, S., Sayari, N., Wissal C, Cheour, M., Damak, R. (2020). How Tunisian physicians of public health hospitals deal with COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies (Lettor to the Editor). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74,496-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13097
• Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., Ljo´tsson, B (2016). Exposure based cognitive–behavioural therapy via the internet and as bibliotherapy for somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209, 407–413. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181396
• Hellewell, J., Abbott, S., Gimma, A., Bosse, NI., Jarvis, CI., Russel TW….. Eggo, R (2020). Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob Health, 8, e488-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7
• Jones, C.R.G., Barrett, S.L., Bite, L., Legzdina, M., Arina, K., Higgins, ….. Leekam, S.R.(2020). Development of the Signposting Questionnaire for Autism (SQ-A): measurement comparison with the 10-item Autism Spectrum Quotient-Child and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in the UK and Latvia .Jones et al. Molecular Autism, 11,64 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00368-9
• John Hopkins University & Medicine (2023).COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineeering (CSSE) at John Hopkins University (JHU). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
• Jungman, S.M., Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,73,102239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239.
• Killgore, W.D.S., Cloonen, S.A., Taylor, E.C., Fernandez, F., Grandner, M.A., Dailey, N.S. (2020). Suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of insomnia. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.
• Koç, M., Geniş, B., Seyran, F., Şirin, B., Gürhan, N.(2020). The effect of perceptions related to the causes and control of COVID-19 on post-traumatic stress disorder in healthcare workers. Black Sea Summit 4th International Applied Sciences Congress Full Text Book, 81-99.
• Mohangi, Y., Magagula, T.G., van der Westhuizen, D.(2020). Adolescent psychiatric outpatients and their caregivers: Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. South African Journal of Psychiatry. 26(0), a1394. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26.i0.1394
• Mroczek, D.K., Stawski, R.S., Turiano, N.A., Chan, W., Almeida, D.M., Neupert, SD., Spiro, A., III. (2013). Emotional reactivity and mortality: longitudinal findings from the va normative aging study. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(3), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt107.
• Mulaik Stanley, A., Larry, R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Sherri L.C. (1989). Dean Stilwell. "Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models." Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430
• Polat, S., Kutlu, Y (2019). Disease management and recovery program in mental disorders. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University Journal of Health Sciences Faculty, 4(3), 111-115
• Plohl, N., Musil, B. (2020). Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: the critical role of trust in science. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1772988
• Rajkumar, R.P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
• R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
• Revelle, W. (2018) psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych Version = 1.8.12.
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of statistical software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
• Saltık Özkan, T.S. (2012). Theoretical approaches on the belief dimension of healing in traditional medicine: psychosomatic medicine, the placebo effect, and quantum healing. National Folklore, 24 (95),307-314.
• Satıcı, B., Sarıcalı, M., Satıcı, S.A., Griffiths, MD. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
• Stokholm, J.R., Lykke, K (2020). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire is a usable way to address mental health at well-child visits in general practice - a qualitative study of feasibility. BMC Family Practice, 21,126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-01156-3
• Şencan H. (2005). Sosyal ve Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin Ofset. S:250-260. T.C. Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. COVID-19 Guide. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/bulasici-hastaliklar/2019-n-cov.html
• Türkçapar, H. (2004). Diagnostic relationships of anxiety disorder and depression. Clinical Psychiatry, Supplement, 4, 12-16
• Turkey Academy of Sciences (TUBA) (2020). COVID-19 pandemic assessment report, Ankara: Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Turkey
• World Health Organization (WHO, 2018). Mental health: strengthening our response. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
• World Health Organization (WHO, 2020). Turkey-World Health Organization https://www.who.int/countries/tur/
• Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, CJ., Susser, E., Lu, J., & Hoven, CW (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302–311. https://doi.org/PMC378035310.1177/070674370905400504.
• Yurdugul, H., Bayrak, F. (2012). Content validity measures in scale development studies: Comparison of content validity index and kappa statistics. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Education, Special Issue 2, 264-271
• Zhu, H., Wei, L., Niu, P. (2020). The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Global Health Research Policy, 5 (6),1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00135-6