Araştırma Makalesi

Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study

Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3 31 Aralık 2025
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Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study

Öz

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the degree of agreement between artificial intelligence (AI)-based strabismus measurements obtained from images of nine diagnostic gaze positions and the actual diagnosis and amount of deviation recorded during clinical examination. MATERIALS and METHODS: The study included twenty cases diagnosed with horizontal strabismus. For each patient, nine gaze position photographs taken using the 9gaze application (See Vision LLC, Virginia, USA) under fixation on a near target were used, and horizontal and vertical deviation values were recorded during clinical examination. Data on the amounts of horizontal and vertical deviations, incomitance status, pattern presence, and type of strabismus were reviewed from clinical records. The same photographs were uploaded to ChatGPT-5.0-Plus, and the diagnosis, incomitance, pattern, and deviation amounts generated by the AI algorithm were documented. RESULTS: The average age of the 20 cases included in the study was 21.0±20.9 (1–65) years; 10 (50%) were female and 10 (50%) were male. According to the actual diagnosis, 11 (55%) had esotropia and 9 (45%) had exotropia. The number of cases correctly classified in the clinical diagnosis classification of the YZ was 19/20 (95%), showing excellent agreement with Cohen's kappa = 0.90. Sensitivity for esotropia was 90.9%, specificity was 100%, and overall accuracy was 95%. Clinical and AI analyses showed 75% agreement for incomitance (Kappa=0.38). The AI algorithm was found to be inadequate in detecting pattern shift (%80 agreement, Kappa=-0.05). Strong correlations were observed in horizontal and vertical shift analyses (r=0.87, p<0.001 and r=0.77, p<0.001). No significant relationship was found between age and gender and the absolute error magnitude (p>0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: AI-based analysis of nine diagnostic gaze position photographs shows a high level of agreement with clinical measurements in estimating strabismus type and deviation magnitude. However, agreement is much lower for more subtle diagnostic features such as incommitance and A/V-pattern. The findings suggest that properly trained AI systems can serve as a useful diagnostic support tool in strabismus practice but cannot replace clinical examination, especially in cases of incomitant and patterned strabismus.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmada insan katılımcılarla ilgili tüm prosedürler, Uşak Üniversitesi (TR) Müdahalesiz Çalışmalar Etik Kurulu'nun etik standartlarına uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir (onay numarası: 827-827-16, tarih: 11.09.2025)..

Kaynakça

  1. 1. Hashemi H, Pakzad R, Heydarian S, Yekta A, AghamirsalimM, Shokrollahzadeh F, et al. Global and regional prevalence of strabismus: a comprehensive systemat ic review and meta-analysis. Strabismus. 2019; 27: 54-65.
  2. 2. Pathai S, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Prevalence of and early-life influences on childhood strabismus: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 2010; 164: 250-257.
  3. 3. Wu D, Huang X, Chen L, Hou P, Liu L, Yang G. Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Strabismus Management: Current Research Landscape and Future Directions. Exp Biol Med. 2024; 249.
  4. 4. Phanphruk W, Liu Y, Morley K, Gavin J, Shah AS, Hunter DG. Validation of StrabisPIX, a Mobile Application for Home Measurement of Ocular Alignment. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019; 8: 9.
  5. 5. Shu Q, Pang J, Liu Z, Liang X, Chen M, Tao Z, et al. Artificial Intelligence for Early Detection of Pediatric Eye Diseases Using Mobile Photos. JAMA Netw Open. 2024; 7: e2425124.
  6. 6. Zhao Z, Meng H, Li S, Wang S, Wang J, Gao S. High-Accuracy Intermittent Strabismus Screening via Wearable Eye-Tracking and AI-Enhanced Ocular Feature Analysis. Biosensors (Basel). 2025; 15: 110.
  7. 7. Jin X, Liu Y, He B, Fan Y fei, Zhou L. A Deep Learning-Based Image Analysis Model for Automated Scoring of Horizontal Ocular Movement Disorders. Front Neurol. 2025; 16.
  8. 8. Wu D, Li Y, Yang Z, Teng Y, Chen XH, Liu J, et al. Deep Learning-Based Precision Cropping of Eye Regions in Strabismus Photographs: Algorithm Development and Validation Study for Workflow Optimization. J Med Internet Res. 2025; 27: e74402-e74402.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Cerrahi (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

24 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

9 Aralık 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Baytaroğlu, A., & Çiftci, Ş. N. (2025). Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.33713/egetbd.1829121
AMA
1.Baytaroğlu A, Çiftci ŞN. Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study. AEGEAN J MED SCI. 2025;8(3):155-160. doi:10.33713/egetbd.1829121
Chicago
Baytaroğlu, Ata, ve Şerife Nur Çiftci. 2025. “Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study”. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 8 (3): 155-60. https://doi.org/10.33713/egetbd.1829121.
EndNote
Baytaroğlu A, Çiftci ŞN (01 Aralık 2025) Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 8 3 155–160.
IEEE
[1]A. Baytaroğlu ve Ş. N. Çiftci, “Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study”, AEGEAN J MED SCI, c. 8, sy 3, ss. 155–160, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.33713/egetbd.1829121.
ISNAD
Baytaroğlu, Ata - Çiftci, Şerife Nur. “Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study”. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 8/3 (01 Aralık 2025): 155-160. https://doi.org/10.33713/egetbd.1829121.
JAMA
1.Baytaroğlu A, Çiftci ŞN. Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study. AEGEAN J MED SCI. 2025;8:155–160.
MLA
Baytaroğlu, Ata, ve Şerife Nur Çiftci. “Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study”. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 8, sy 3, Aralık 2025, ss. 155-60, doi:10.33713/egetbd.1829121.
Vancouver
1.Ata Baytaroğlu, Şerife Nur Çiftci. Pilot Validation of ChatGPT-Based Strabismus Assessment Using 9Gaze Photographs: A Single-Center Feasibility Study. AEGEAN J MED SCI. 01 Aralık 2025;8(3):155-60. doi:10.33713/egetbd.1829121

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