Second World War, Soviet Official Islam and The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan-SADUM

Öz

In 1941, the Soviet Union's entry into the Second World War against Germany and because of the subsequent loss of land, materials and people at the front, the Soviet Union decided to enlist the Muslim population, which was seen as an idle capacity and mostly used in support units in the army. However, the bitter memories of the past, like the suppression of Basmacı Revolt caused hostility to Soviet regime. Because of that, in order to convince and gain Central Asian Muslims populations support, Soviet administration tried to win their hearts. Within this context, the Soviet administration decided to establish four Muslim Spiritual Administrations (Müftülük-Dukhovnoye Upravleniye), which were thought to form the basis of the Soviet official Islam and enable direct contact with the Muslim population through faith. In this context, in order to improve relations between the State and the Muslim population, an official status was granted to Islam in 1942. The Soviet administration copied the religious structure that was established by Catherina II in 1783. Among the four Muslim Spiritual Administrations, the most important one was SADUM. SADUM was founded on October 20, 1943 in Tashkent. It was responsible for Central Asia and Kazakhstan whole. SADUM is the most important of the four Muftiate in the Soviet Union, because 75% of the Soviet Union’s Muslim population lives in the area under SADUM's jurisdiction. This has increased the importance of SADUM. In this study, the establishment and activities of SADUM will be mentioned in a chronological way.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Central Asia
• Second World War
• Stalin
• SADUM
• Official Islam

İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Sovyet Resmi İslamı ve Orta Asya Müslüman Ruhani İdaresi (Müftülüğü)-SADUM

Öz

1941 yılında Sovyetler Birliği’nin Almanya’ya karşı İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na girmesi ve sonrasında cephede yaşanan toprak, malzeme ve insan kayıpları yüzünden Sovyetler Birliği atıl kapasite olarak görülen ve orduda çoğunlukla geri hizmette kullanılan Müslüman nüfusu da savaşta kullanmaya karar vermiştir. Ancak bu nüfusun geçmişte yaşanan Basmacı İsyanı vb. olayların ortaya çıkardığı husumet sebebiyle önce ikna edilmesi ve Sovyet yönetimini desteklemesi için kendilerine uygulanan sert tutumda gevşemeye gidilmesi ve gönüllerinin kazanılması öncelikle yerine getirilmesi gereken bir şart olarak Sovyet yönetiminin karşısına çıkmıştır. Sovyet yönetimi de gereken adımları atmak durumunda kalmıştır. Bu kapsamda Sovyet yönetimi Müslümanlara ve İslam dinine karşı müsamahasız tutumunu unutturmak adına öncelikle Sovyet resmi İslam anlayışının da temelini oluşturacak ve Müslüman nüfusla inanç üzerinden irtibat kurulmasına imkan sağlayacağı düşünülen dört Müslüman Ruhani İdaresi (Müftülük-Dukhovnoye Upravleniye) kurulmasına karar vermiştir. Bu kapsamda Devletle Müslüman nüfus arasındaki ilişkileri geliştirme yaklaşımı kapsamında 1942 yılında İslam’a resmi bir statü tanınmış, bu statü tanınırken de 1783 yılında Çariçe II. Katerina tarafından kurulan dini yapı esas alınmıştır. Orta Asya ahalisinin Sovyetler Birliğini sahiplenmesi ve savaş sırasında desteklemesi amacıyla kurulan bu dört Müftülükten en önemlisi Orta Asya ve Kazakistan’dan sorumlu olan SADUM olmuştur. SADUM, 20 Ekim 1943 tarihinde Taşkent’te kurulmuştur. SADUM, Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki dört Müftülük içinde en önemli olanıdır, zira Birlik Müslüman nüfusun %75’i SADUM sorumluluk alanı içinde kalan bölgede yaşamaktadır. Bu da SADUM’un önemini arttırmıştır. Bu çalışmada SADUM’un kuruluşu ve faaliyetlerine tarihi süreç içinde değinilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Orta Asya
• İkinci Dünya Savaşı
• SADUM
• Stalin
• Resmi İslam

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