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Exploring the Viability and Implications of a NATO-like Defense Cooperation Among Turkic States

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 627 - 642, 17.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.32449/egetdid.1538388

Öz

A NATO-like defense cooperation framework among the Turkic states is both viable and necessary, given the shared security concerns, geopolitical pressures, and the decline of existing security institutions such as the OSCE in the region. This paper explores the viability of a NATO-like defense cooperation among the Turkic states. While several challenges such as divergent security perceptions, differing foreign policy orientations, and the institutions’ limited capacities must be overcome, there are also several catalysts that could provide impetus for new security cooperation arrangements. Türkiye’s military capabilities as the only member of NATO in the region is particularly important. Furthermore, an ongoing imbalance in Armenia’s favor, supports the establishment of a security cooperation framework among the Turkic states. The developments in Ukraine and Crimea point to the necessity of a collective defense arrangement amid an increasingly insecure environment for the Turkic states. While initially beneficial, the OSCE has gradually and mostly lost its credibility in the southern Caucasus. The unequal implementation of its own principles and tactics employed in conflict resolution have inevitably led to a loss of trust from the parties involved. Meanwhile, it has ceased to analyze arms control developments in the region, despite UN Security Council Resolutions recognizing their regional dimension. Furthermore, the inadequate response to Armenia’s non-compliance with the above resolution damaged the OSCE’s credibility. Today, the Turkic states are left with few operational security cooperation options. The UN is far too inefficient and does not even have the legal framework to resolve any post-Soviet disputes. The CIS, which exists in the Caucasus in both political and military forms, lacks regional capacity and legitimacy. The GUAM organization created in 1997 at the instigation of the US and the West to pacify the edges of “the Russian World,” has been rendered operationally void. Overall, this paper explores cooperation strategies, assesses key institutional and political challenges, and discusses implications and future developments exploring the viability of a NATO-like defense cooperation among the Turkic states. Ultimately, the paper aims to prove that while forming a NATO-like defense alliance among Turkic states would require substantial diplomatic coordination and overcoming internal divisions, the potential benefits in terms of regional security and stability make it an endeavor worth pursuing.

Kaynakça

  • Amirbek, A., & Aydin, T. (2015). Identity politics of Türkiye towards Central Asia. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/228544165.pdf
  • Atlantic Council. (2024). Political and diplomatic dialogue in the Black Sea: Turkey’s strategic role. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publication/ political-and-diplomatic-dialogue-in-the-black-sea-turkeys-strategic-role/
  • Ashurov, S., Othman, A. H. A., Rosman, R. B., & Haron, R. B. (2020). The determinants of foreign direct investment in Central Asian region: A case study of Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (A quantitative analysis using GMM). Russian Journal of Economics, 6(2), 162-176. https://doi.org/10.2991/econ-6-2-4
  • Caliskan, M. (2022). Türkiye: A rising star with structural problems. In Defence planning for small and middle powers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003398158-9
  • Çetinkaya, A. F., & Demirel, N. (2024). Analyzing the impact of the organization of Turkic states on the foreign trade of member countries. Cogent Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2288370
  • Demir, C. (2022). The organization of Turkic states: Implications for the regional balance of power. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2379443
  • Dirioz, A. O. (2015). Türkiye and NATO. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/ 154804687.pdf
  • Dursun-Ozkanca, O. (2015). The European Union in the Balkans: Strategic partners or competitors? CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/154939620.pdf
  • Fidler, D. P., Pregent, R., & Vandurme, A. (2013). NATO, cyber defense, and international law. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/232667532.pdf
  • Goren, N. (2018). The NATO/US-Türkiye-Russia strategic triangle: Challenges ahead. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/212870305.pdf
  • Gündoğdu, S. (2023). Türkiye’nin jeopolitik açılımı: Bir uluslararası örgüt olarak Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 266-279. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1263177
  • Gürsoy, Y. (2021). Turkey’s military power and its role in regional security dynamics. Journal of International Affairs, 25(2), 45-62.
  • Kirişci, K. (2019). The evolving security architecture in the post-Soviet space: Implications for Turkic states. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 18(1), 77-94.
  • Kinne, B. J. (2020). The defense cooperation agreement dataset (DCAD). Journal of Conflict Resolution. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720936437
  • Kushkumbayev, S., & Mussabekova, A. (2022). New Kazakhstan and the future of the organization of Turkic states: Key areas of cooperation. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43544-022-00003-7
  • Lozančić, D. (1999). A new military dimension of a cooperative and preventive approach to security in Southeast Europe. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/14400733.pdf
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs Turkey. (2023). Türkiye and the OSCE: Regional security and cooperation. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-and-the-osce-regional-security-and-cooperation.en.mfa
  • OSCE. (2023). The role of OSCE in the South Caucasus: Challenges and prospects. OSCE. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/d/526220.pdf
  • Özoflu, A. (2018). A “defense umbrella” for Cold War rainy days: Turkish-American relations (1947-1990). CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/162042636.pdf
  • Rohmah Soekarba, S., Ayona, D., & Jihan Shavira, C. (2019). Stabilizing or destabilizing? Reconsidering the relevancy of Türkiye’s NATO membership. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/229610702.pdf
  • Sahin, D. (2022). Türkiye’s foreign policy in post‐Soviet Eurasia. Middle East Policy, 29(4), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12604
  • Settembre-Blundo, D., González-Sánchez, R., Medina-Salgado, S., & García-Muiña, F. E. (2021). Flexibility and resilience in corporate decision making: A new sustainability-based risk management system in uncertain times. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(Suppl 2), 107-132. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40171-021-00267-0
  • Skalamera, M. (2023). Russia’s lasting influence in Central Asia. Survival, 59(6), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2201587
  • van Heuven, M. (2000). Where will NATO be ten years from now? ZEI Discussion Papers: 2000, C 67. https://core.ac.uk/download/5073910.pdf
  • Webber, M., Sperling, J., & Smith, M. A. (2021). What’s wrong with NATO and how to fix it. CORE. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id= 11YlEAAA QBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP6&dq=The+viability+of+a+NATO-like+cooperation+framework+among+Turkic+states.&ots=v30q0_pQ30&sig=8s_Bnw9_5Q_db4VZOlZupumPVZc
  • Wiśniewski, R. (2015). Military-industrial aspects of Turkish defence policy. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/154444217.pdf
  • Uzun, C. (2021). The viability of a Turkic defense alliance: Lessons from Azerbaijan’s victory. Defense Studies, 21(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2021. 1893627

Türk Devletleri Arasında NATO Benzeri Bir Savunma İşbirliğinin Uygulanabilirliğinin ve Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 627 - 642, 17.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.32449/egetdid.1538388

Öz

Ortak güvenlik kaygıları, jeopolitik baskılar ve bölgedeki AGİT gibi mevcut güvenlik kurumlarının gerilemesi göz önüne alındığında, Türk devletleri arasında NATO benzeri bir savunma işbirliği çerçevesi hem uygulanabilir hem de gereklidir. Bu makale Türk devletleri arasında NATO benzeri bir savunma işbirliğinin uygulanabilirliğini araştırmaktadır. Farklı güvenlik algıları, farklı dış politika yönelimleri ve kurumların sınırlı kapasiteleri gibi çeşitli zorlukların üstesinden gelinmesi gerekirken, yeni güvenlik işbirliği düzenlemelerine ivme kazandırabilecek çeşitli katalizörler de mevcuttur. Türkiye’nin bölgedeki tek NATO üyesi olarak sahip olduğu askeri yetenekler özellikle önemlidir. Ayrıca Ermenistan lehine süregelen dengesizlik, Türk devletleri arasında bir güvenlik işbirliği çerçevesi oluşturulmasını desteklemektedir. Ukrayna ve Kırım’daki gelişmeler, Türk devletleri için giderek daha güvensiz hale gelen bir ortamda kolektif bir savunma düzenlemesinin gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Başlangıçta faydalı olsa da AGİT, Güney Kafkasya’daki güvenilirliğini yavaş yavaş ve büyük ölçüde kaybetmiştir. Kendi ilkelerinin ve çatışma çözümünde kullandığı taktiklerin eşit olmayan bir şekilde uygulanması, kaçınılmaz olarak ilgili tarafların güvenini kaybetmesine yol açmıştır. Bu arada, BM Güvenlik Konseyi’nin bölgesel boyutunu kabul eden kararlarına rağmen, bölgedeki silah kontrol gelişmelerini analiz etmeyi bırakmıştır. Ayrıca, Ermenistan’ın yukarıdaki karara uymamasına verilen yetersiz yanıt AGİT’in güvenilirliğine zarar vermiştir. Bugün Türk devletlerinin elinde çok az operasyonel güvenlik işbirliği seçeneği kalmıştır. BM çok yetersizdir ve Sovyet sonrası anlaşmazlıkları çözecek yasal çerçeveye bile sahip değildir. Kafkasya’da hem siyasi hem de askeri şekillerde var olan BDT, bölgesel kapasite ve meşruiyetten yoksundur. ABD ve Batı’nın kışkırtmasıyla 1997 yılında “Rus Dünyasının kenarlarını pasifize etmek için kurulan GUAM örgütü operasyonel olarak geçersiz kılınmıştır. Genel olarak, bu makale işbirliği stratejilerini incelemekte, temel kurumsal ve siyasi zorlukları değerlendirmekte ve Türk devletleri arasında NATO benzeri bir savunma işbirliğinin uygulanabilirliğini araştıran sonuçları ve gelecekteki gelişmeleri tartışmaktadır. Nihayetinde bu çalışma, Türk devletleri arasında NATO benzeri bir savunma ittifakı kurmanın önemli ölçüde diplomatik koordinasyon ve iç bölünmelerin üstesinden gelmeyi gerektirse de, bölgesel güvenlik ve istikrar açısından potansiyel faydalarının bunu takip etmeye değer bir çaba haline getirdiğini kanıtlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Amirbek, A., & Aydin, T. (2015). Identity politics of Türkiye towards Central Asia. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/228544165.pdf
  • Atlantic Council. (2024). Political and diplomatic dialogue in the Black Sea: Turkey’s strategic role. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publication/ political-and-diplomatic-dialogue-in-the-black-sea-turkeys-strategic-role/
  • Ashurov, S., Othman, A. H. A., Rosman, R. B., & Haron, R. B. (2020). The determinants of foreign direct investment in Central Asian region: A case study of Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (A quantitative analysis using GMM). Russian Journal of Economics, 6(2), 162-176. https://doi.org/10.2991/econ-6-2-4
  • Caliskan, M. (2022). Türkiye: A rising star with structural problems. In Defence planning for small and middle powers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003398158-9
  • Çetinkaya, A. F., & Demirel, N. (2024). Analyzing the impact of the organization of Turkic states on the foreign trade of member countries. Cogent Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2288370
  • Demir, C. (2022). The organization of Turkic states: Implications for the regional balance of power. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2379443
  • Dirioz, A. O. (2015). Türkiye and NATO. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/ 154804687.pdf
  • Dursun-Ozkanca, O. (2015). The European Union in the Balkans: Strategic partners or competitors? CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/154939620.pdf
  • Fidler, D. P., Pregent, R., & Vandurme, A. (2013). NATO, cyber defense, and international law. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/232667532.pdf
  • Goren, N. (2018). The NATO/US-Türkiye-Russia strategic triangle: Challenges ahead. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/212870305.pdf
  • Gündoğdu, S. (2023). Türkiye’nin jeopolitik açılımı: Bir uluslararası örgüt olarak Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 266-279. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1263177
  • Gürsoy, Y. (2021). Turkey’s military power and its role in regional security dynamics. Journal of International Affairs, 25(2), 45-62.
  • Kirişci, K. (2019). The evolving security architecture in the post-Soviet space: Implications for Turkic states. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 18(1), 77-94.
  • Kinne, B. J. (2020). The defense cooperation agreement dataset (DCAD). Journal of Conflict Resolution. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720936437
  • Kushkumbayev, S., & Mussabekova, A. (2022). New Kazakhstan and the future of the organization of Turkic states: Key areas of cooperation. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43544-022-00003-7
  • Lozančić, D. (1999). A new military dimension of a cooperative and preventive approach to security in Southeast Europe. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/14400733.pdf
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs Turkey. (2023). Türkiye and the OSCE: Regional security and cooperation. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-and-the-osce-regional-security-and-cooperation.en.mfa
  • OSCE. (2023). The role of OSCE in the South Caucasus: Challenges and prospects. OSCE. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/d/526220.pdf
  • Özoflu, A. (2018). A “defense umbrella” for Cold War rainy days: Turkish-American relations (1947-1990). CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/162042636.pdf
  • Rohmah Soekarba, S., Ayona, D., & Jihan Shavira, C. (2019). Stabilizing or destabilizing? Reconsidering the relevancy of Türkiye’s NATO membership. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/229610702.pdf
  • Sahin, D. (2022). Türkiye’s foreign policy in post‐Soviet Eurasia. Middle East Policy, 29(4), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12604
  • Settembre-Blundo, D., González-Sánchez, R., Medina-Salgado, S., & García-Muiña, F. E. (2021). Flexibility and resilience in corporate decision making: A new sustainability-based risk management system in uncertain times. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(Suppl 2), 107-132. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40171-021-00267-0
  • Skalamera, M. (2023). Russia’s lasting influence in Central Asia. Survival, 59(6), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2201587
  • van Heuven, M. (2000). Where will NATO be ten years from now? ZEI Discussion Papers: 2000, C 67. https://core.ac.uk/download/5073910.pdf
  • Webber, M., Sperling, J., & Smith, M. A. (2021). What’s wrong with NATO and how to fix it. CORE. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id= 11YlEAAA QBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP6&dq=The+viability+of+a+NATO-like+cooperation+framework+among+Turkic+states.&ots=v30q0_pQ30&sig=8s_Bnw9_5Q_db4VZOlZupumPVZc
  • Wiśniewski, R. (2015). Military-industrial aspects of Turkish defence policy. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/154444217.pdf
  • Uzun, C. (2021). The viability of a Turkic defense alliance: Lessons from Azerbaijan’s victory. Defense Studies, 21(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2021. 1893627
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Türk Dünyası Çalışmaları
Bölüm Görüş Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ali Nazmi Çora 0009-0000-1229-4219

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çora, A. N. (2024). Exploring the Viability and Implications of a NATO-like Defense Cooperation Among Turkic States. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 24(2), 627-642. https://doi.org/10.32449/egetdid.1538388

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