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Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Güney Politikası ve Elam-Babil İttifakı

Yıl 2021, , 621 - 641, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050208

Öz

Asur Devleti MÖ I. binyılın başlarından itibaren yeniden güç kazanmaya başlaması ve emperyal bir hüviyete bürünmesiyle uzak bölgelere askeri seferler yapabilme kabiliyeti kazanmıştır. Asur Devleti’nin bu faaliyetleri, komşu bölgelerdeki devletleri tedirgin etmiştir. Yeni Asur Dönemi olarak adlandırılan bu süreçte Asur orduları, Mısır’dan Elam’a, Babil’den Anadolu içlerine kadar uzanan geniş bir coğrafyada faaliyet göstermiştir. Bu dönemde, Asurluların hâkimiyetleri altında tutmak istedikleri en önemli bölge Babil ülkesidir. Bölgenin sahip olduğu ekonomik potansiyel, Asurluların bu bölge ile yakından ilgilenmelerine neden olmuştur. Söz konusu bölge Sumer ülkesinin doğusunda bulunan Yeni-Elamlıların da hâkimiyet kurmak istedikleri bir coğrafyaydı. Babil ülkesinin Asur kontrolüne girmesini istemeyen Yeni-Elamlılar, Asur karşıtı tüm isyan girişimlerini desteklemiştir. Yeni-Elamlıların bu politikadaki temel amaçlarından bir diğeri de Asurlular ile sınırdaş olmak istememeleridir. Asurlular ise bölgeye hâkim olabilmek amacıyla hem Babil ülkesine hem de Elam topraklarına pek çok askeri sefer düzenlemelerinin yanı sıra diplomatik ilişkilerde de bulunmuşlardır. Çalışmamızın konusunu oluşturan bu mücadele ve diplomatik ilişkilerin incelenmesinde Asur ve Babil çivi yazılı metinleri ile modern literatür kullanılmıştır. Bazı bölümlerde çivi yazılı metindeki bilgilerden doğrudan, bazı bölümlerde ise dolaylı olarak faydalanılmıştır. Asur, Elam ve Babil üçgenindeki eksenindeki siyasi, askeri, kısmen de ekonomik yönlerinin ele alınacağı bu çalışmada elde edilen bilgilerden hareketle, MÖ I. binyılda Asur Devleti’nin hegemonik yayılmasına karşı Elam ve Babil ülkeleri tarafından yürütülen faaliyetler ve Asurluların bu faaliyetlere karşılık aldığı tedbirler ele alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Eisenbrauns, 2000, Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • Faruk Akyüz - Koray Toptaş, “Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu: Savaşın Kralları”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 195-244.
  • Javier Álvarez-Mon, “Elam: Iran’s First Empire”, in: A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, D.T. Potts (Ed.), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., New Jersey, pp. 740-757.
  • Daniel D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia-II, The University of Chicago Press, 1927, Chicago.
  • Bill T. Arnold, Who were the Babylonians?, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • Şeyma Ay Arçın, “Orta Babil Krallığı (Kassitler) ve Babil’de İkinci İsin Hanedanlığı –Yeni Babil Krallığı”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 263-290.
  • Susan Wise Bauer, Antik Dünya İlk Kayıtlardan Roma’nın Dağılmasına Kadar, Trans.: M. Moralı, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Elamite Military Aid to Merodach-Baladan”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 24/3, Erich F. Schmidt Memorial Issue, Part One, pp. 161-166.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C.: The Documentary Evidence”, American Journal of Archaeology, 76, pp. 271-281.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Sennacherib’s Babylonian Problem: An Interpretation”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 25/2, pp. 89-95.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Babylonia in the shadow of Assyria (747-626 B.C.)”, in: The Cambridge Ancient History, III/2, J. Bordman et al. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-70.
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Miguel Civil – Ignace J. Gelb – A. Leo Oppenheim – Erica Reiner (eds.), Chicago, 2004.
  • Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Asurlular (Tarih, Toplum, Kültür), Trans.: A. Yarbaş, İlya Yayınları, İzmir.
  • Carly L. Crouch, War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East: Military Violence in Light of Cosmology and History, Band 407, Walter De Gruyter, Berlin.
  • Josette Elayi, Sargon II, King of Assyria, SBL Press, Atlanta.
  • I. Eph’al, ““Arabs” in Babylonia in the 8th Century B.C.”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94/1, pp. 108-115.
  • Grant Frame, Babylonia 689-627 B.C. A Political History, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden.
  • Hannes D. Galter, “Looking Down The Tigris The Interrelations Between Assyria and Babylonia”, in: The Babylonian World, G. Leick (Ed.), Routledge, New York and London, pp. 527-540.
  • Pamela D. Gerardi, Assurbanipal's Elamite Campaigns: A Literary And Political Study, PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
  • L. Gürkan Gökçek, Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • J.F. Hansman, “The Mesopotamian Delta in The First Millennium, BC”, The Geographical Journal, 144/1, pp. 49-61.
  • J. D. Hawkins, “The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”, in: The Cambridge Ancient History, III/1, J. Bordman et al. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 372-441.
  • Christopher Johnston, “Šamaš-šum-ukîn the Eldest Son of Esarhaddon”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 25, pp. 79-83.
  • Leonard W. King, A History of Sumer and Akkad, Frederick A. Stokes Company Publishers, New York.
  • Kitab-ı Mukaddes (Kutsal Kitap), Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2010, İstanbul.
  • Kemalettin Köroğlu, Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi Başlangıcından Perslere Kadar, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Amelie Kuhrt, Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (M.Ö. 3000-330), II, Trans.: D. Şendil, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • I.N. Medvedskaya, “Media and Its Neighbours I: The Localization of Ellipi”, Iranica Antiqua, XXXIV, pp. 53-70.
  • Ekrem Memiş, Eskiçağda Mezopotamya (En Eski Çağlardan Asur İmparatorluğu’nun Yıkılışına Kadar), Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Joan Oates, Babil, Trans.: F. Çizmeli, Arkadaş Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Albert T. Olmstead, “The Fall and Rise of Babylon”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, XXXVIII/2, pp. 73-96.
  • Simo Parpola, “A Letter from Šamaš-šumu-ukīn to Esarhaddon”, Iraq, 34/1, pp. 21-34.
  • Barbara N. Porter, Images, Power, and Politics Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon’s Babylonian Policy, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
  • Daniel T. Potts, Mesopotamian Civilization-The Material Foundations, The Athlone Press, London.
  • Daniel T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam-Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Julian E. Reade, Assyrian Sculpture, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millenium BC II (858-745 BC), University of Toronto Press, 2002, Toronto.
  • Hayim Tadmor – Shigeo Yamada, The Royal Intextions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), Eisenbrauns, 2011, Winona Lake.
  • Grant Frame, The Royal Intextions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC) (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 2), Eisenbrauns, 2021, Winona Lake.
  • A. Kirk Grayson and Jamie Novotny, The Royal Intextions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 1, (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1), Eisenbrauns, 2012, Winona Lake.
  • A. Kirk Grayson and Jamie Novotny, The Royal Intextions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 2, (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/2), Eisenbrauns, 2014, Winona Lake.
  • Erle Leichty, The Royal Intextions of Asarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC). (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4), Eisenbrauns, 2011, Winona Lake.
  • Jamie Novotny and Joshua Jeffers, The Royal Intextions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Assur-etal-ilani (630-627 BC), and Sin-sarra-iskun (626-612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1, (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 5/1) Eisenbrauns, 2018, Winona Lake.
  • State Archives of Assyria, XVI, Simo Parpola (Ed.), Helsinki University Press, 2002, Helsinki.
  • Ivan Starr, “Historical Omens Concerning Ashurbanipal's War Against Elam”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 32. Bd., pp. 60-67.
  • Hayim Tadmor, “The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 12/3, pp. 77-100.
  • Yasin Topaloğlu - Serhat Uslu, “Asur Devleti’nin Yıkılışı ve Medler”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 291-320.
  • Koray Toptaş, “Yeni Asur Emperyalizminin Bir Sonucu Olarak İsyanlar”, Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 12/2, pp. 179-200.
  • Koray Toptaş, Asarhaddon Asur Kralı, Babil Yöneticisi, Mısır Fatihi, Berikan Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Matthew W. Waters, A Survey of Neo-Elamite History, PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
  • Matthew W. Waters, “A Letter from Ashurbanipal to the Elders of Elam (BM 132980)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 54, pp. 79-86.
  • Matthew W. Waters, “Parsumaš, Anšan, and Cyrus”, in: Elam and Persia, J. Álvarez-Mon – M. B. Garrison (Eds.), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • Matthew W. Waters, “Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC”, in: Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, D. T. Potts (ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 478-492.
  • Kadriye Yalvaç, “Sanherib'in Ölümü ve Asarhaddon”, AÜDTCFD, 21/1.2, pp. 47-54.
  • Ercüment Yıldırım, Eskiçağ Mezopotamya’sında Liderler Krallar Kahramanlar, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ercüment Yıldırım, “Mezopotamya’da Pers Hakimiyeti”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 321-342.
  • Turgut Yiğit, Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi (Tarihöncesinden Pers İstilasına Kadar), Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Shana Zaia, “Going Native: Šamaš-Šuma-Ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon”, IRAQ, 81, pp. 247-268.

Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance

Yıl 2021, , 621 - 641, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050208

Öz

Because the Assyrian state started to strengthen in the early first millennium BC by acquiring an imperial identity, it gained the capacity to launch military campaigns across remote regions, which, not surprisingly, disturbed and threatened the neighboring states. In this period, which is called the Neo-Assyrian period, Assyrian armies prevailed in a vast geographical region, extending from Egypt to Elam and reaching into even Babylonia and Anatolia. The most important region which Assyrians aimed to reign in the given period was Babylonia. They showed a great interest in the region due to its high economic potential. However, Elam, which was located in the eastern region of Sumerians, was also interested in the same region. Because they aimed to prevent a potential Assyrian hegemony over Babylonia, Neo-Elamites usually supported all anti-Assyrian rebellions. Another reason why Neo-Elamites adopted this policy lied in the fact that they saw it as necessary to prevent Assyrians from being a bordering state. On the other hand, Assyrians organized various military campaigns against both Babylon and Elam in order to control the region as well as conducting diplomatic relations. Therefore, the present study focuses on the struggle among these three states and their diplomatic relations by relying on Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform texts and modern literature and refers to these cuneiform texts directly and indirectly in different parts of the study. In this way, the present study deals with conflict among Assyria, Elam and Babylon from a political, military and, to a certain extent, economic perspective and analyzes Neo-Elamite and Babylonian policies against hegemonic expansion of the Assyrian state in the first millennium BC and various measures taken by the Assyrian state against this alliance.

Kaynakça

  • A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Eisenbrauns, 2000, Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • Faruk Akyüz - Koray Toptaş, “Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu: Savaşın Kralları”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 195-244.
  • Javier Álvarez-Mon, “Elam: Iran’s First Empire”, in: A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, D.T. Potts (Ed.), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., New Jersey, pp. 740-757.
  • Daniel D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia-II, The University of Chicago Press, 1927, Chicago.
  • Bill T. Arnold, Who were the Babylonians?, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • Şeyma Ay Arçın, “Orta Babil Krallığı (Kassitler) ve Babil’de İkinci İsin Hanedanlığı –Yeni Babil Krallığı”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 263-290.
  • Susan Wise Bauer, Antik Dünya İlk Kayıtlardan Roma’nın Dağılmasına Kadar, Trans.: M. Moralı, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Elamite Military Aid to Merodach-Baladan”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 24/3, Erich F. Schmidt Memorial Issue, Part One, pp. 161-166.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C.: The Documentary Evidence”, American Journal of Archaeology, 76, pp. 271-281.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Sennacherib’s Babylonian Problem: An Interpretation”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 25/2, pp. 89-95.
  • J. A. Brinkman, “Babylonia in the shadow of Assyria (747-626 B.C.)”, in: The Cambridge Ancient History, III/2, J. Bordman et al. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-70.
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Miguel Civil – Ignace J. Gelb – A. Leo Oppenheim – Erica Reiner (eds.), Chicago, 2004.
  • Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Asurlular (Tarih, Toplum, Kültür), Trans.: A. Yarbaş, İlya Yayınları, İzmir.
  • Carly L. Crouch, War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East: Military Violence in Light of Cosmology and History, Band 407, Walter De Gruyter, Berlin.
  • Josette Elayi, Sargon II, King of Assyria, SBL Press, Atlanta.
  • I. Eph’al, ““Arabs” in Babylonia in the 8th Century B.C.”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94/1, pp. 108-115.
  • Grant Frame, Babylonia 689-627 B.C. A Political History, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden.
  • Hannes D. Galter, “Looking Down The Tigris The Interrelations Between Assyria and Babylonia”, in: The Babylonian World, G. Leick (Ed.), Routledge, New York and London, pp. 527-540.
  • Pamela D. Gerardi, Assurbanipal's Elamite Campaigns: A Literary And Political Study, PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
  • L. Gürkan Gökçek, Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • J.F. Hansman, “The Mesopotamian Delta in The First Millennium, BC”, The Geographical Journal, 144/1, pp. 49-61.
  • J. D. Hawkins, “The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”, in: The Cambridge Ancient History, III/1, J. Bordman et al. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 372-441.
  • Christopher Johnston, “Šamaš-šum-ukîn the Eldest Son of Esarhaddon”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 25, pp. 79-83.
  • Leonard W. King, A History of Sumer and Akkad, Frederick A. Stokes Company Publishers, New York.
  • Kitab-ı Mukaddes (Kutsal Kitap), Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2010, İstanbul.
  • Kemalettin Köroğlu, Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi Başlangıcından Perslere Kadar, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Amelie Kuhrt, Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (M.Ö. 3000-330), II, Trans.: D. Şendil, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • I.N. Medvedskaya, “Media and Its Neighbours I: The Localization of Ellipi”, Iranica Antiqua, XXXIV, pp. 53-70.
  • Ekrem Memiş, Eskiçağda Mezopotamya (En Eski Çağlardan Asur İmparatorluğu’nun Yıkılışına Kadar), Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Joan Oates, Babil, Trans.: F. Çizmeli, Arkadaş Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Albert T. Olmstead, “The Fall and Rise of Babylon”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, XXXVIII/2, pp. 73-96.
  • Simo Parpola, “A Letter from Šamaš-šumu-ukīn to Esarhaddon”, Iraq, 34/1, pp. 21-34.
  • Barbara N. Porter, Images, Power, and Politics Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon’s Babylonian Policy, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
  • Daniel T. Potts, Mesopotamian Civilization-The Material Foundations, The Athlone Press, London.
  • Daniel T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam-Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Julian E. Reade, Assyrian Sculpture, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millenium BC II (858-745 BC), University of Toronto Press, 2002, Toronto.
  • Hayim Tadmor – Shigeo Yamada, The Royal Intextions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), Eisenbrauns, 2011, Winona Lake.
  • Grant Frame, The Royal Intextions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC) (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 2), Eisenbrauns, 2021, Winona Lake.
  • A. Kirk Grayson and Jamie Novotny, The Royal Intextions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 1, (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1), Eisenbrauns, 2012, Winona Lake.
  • A. Kirk Grayson and Jamie Novotny, The Royal Intextions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 2, (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/2), Eisenbrauns, 2014, Winona Lake.
  • Erle Leichty, The Royal Intextions of Asarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC). (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4), Eisenbrauns, 2011, Winona Lake.
  • Jamie Novotny and Joshua Jeffers, The Royal Intextions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Assur-etal-ilani (630-627 BC), and Sin-sarra-iskun (626-612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1, (The Royal Intextions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 5/1) Eisenbrauns, 2018, Winona Lake.
  • State Archives of Assyria, XVI, Simo Parpola (Ed.), Helsinki University Press, 2002, Helsinki.
  • Ivan Starr, “Historical Omens Concerning Ashurbanipal's War Against Elam”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 32. Bd., pp. 60-67.
  • Hayim Tadmor, “The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 12/3, pp. 77-100.
  • Yasin Topaloğlu - Serhat Uslu, “Asur Devleti’nin Yıkılışı ve Medler”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 291-320.
  • Koray Toptaş, “Yeni Asur Emperyalizminin Bir Sonucu Olarak İsyanlar”, Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 12/2, pp. 179-200.
  • Koray Toptaş, Asarhaddon Asur Kralı, Babil Yöneticisi, Mısır Fatihi, Berikan Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Matthew W. Waters, A Survey of Neo-Elamite History, PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
  • Matthew W. Waters, “A Letter from Ashurbanipal to the Elders of Elam (BM 132980)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 54, pp. 79-86.
  • Matthew W. Waters, “Parsumaš, Anšan, and Cyrus”, in: Elam and Persia, J. Álvarez-Mon – M. B. Garrison (Eds.), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • Matthew W. Waters, “Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia in the Early First Millennium BC”, in: Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, D. T. Potts (ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 478-492.
  • Kadriye Yalvaç, “Sanherib'in Ölümü ve Asarhaddon”, AÜDTCFD, 21/1.2, pp. 47-54.
  • Ercüment Yıldırım, Eskiçağ Mezopotamya’sında Liderler Krallar Kahramanlar, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ercüment Yıldırım, “Mezopotamya’da Pers Hakimiyeti”, in: Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, L.G. Gökçek - E. Yıldırım - O. Pekşen (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 321-342.
  • Turgut Yiğit, Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi (Tarihöncesinden Pers İstilasına Kadar), Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Shana Zaia, “Going Native: Šamaš-Šuma-Ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon”, IRAQ, 81, pp. 247-268.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Okay Pekşen 0000-0003-4841-5427

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Pekşen, O. (2021). Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 36(2), 621-641. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050208
AMA Pekşen O. Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance. TID. Aralık 2021;36(2):621-641. doi:10.18513/egetid.1050208
Chicago Pekşen, Okay. “Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 621-41. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050208.
EndNote Pekşen O (01 Aralık 2021) Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36 2 621–641.
IEEE O. Pekşen, “Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance”, TID, c. 36, sy. 2, ss. 621–641, 2021, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1050208.
ISNAD Pekşen, Okay. “Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36/2 (Aralık 2021), 621-641. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050208.
JAMA Pekşen O. Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance. TID. 2021;36:621–641.
MLA Pekşen, Okay. “Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 36, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 621-4, doi:10.18513/egetid.1050208.
Vancouver Pekşen O. Southern Policy of the Neo-Assyrian State and the Elamite-Babylonian Alliance. TID. 2021;36(2):621-4.