Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Birleşme Kilisesi ve Japonya: Tarihsel Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2022, , 551 - 576, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226559

Öz

Öncesinde Dünya Barışı ve Birleşmesi için Aile Federasyonu olarak adlandırılan ve Birleşme Kilisesi (UC) olarak bilinen tarikat, Temmuz 2022'de eski Japonya Başbakanı Şinzō Abe'nin öldürülmesinin ardından dünya çapında kamuoyu tartışmalarının ön saflarına taşındı. Tarikat, geçmişi göz önüne alındığında bu tarz tartışmalara yabancı değildir. Ancak bu olay, Japonya'da Hıristiyan bir dini grubun neden olduğu sosyal sorunlar nedeniyle önde gelen siyasi liderin öldürülmesi ve söz konusu grup ile iktidardaki siyasi parti arasındaki yaygın bağlantıların ortaya çıkması nedeniyle özellikle yıkıcı olmuştur. Bu olaylar zinciri, Japonya demokrasisi üzerinde olumsuz yönde bir etki yarattı ve Birleşme Kilisesi’nin Japonya’daki köklerinin daha yakından incelenmesinin gerektiğini ortaya koydu. Böylece bu çalışmanın amacı, Birleşme Kilisesi'nin II. Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sonrası siyasi tarihi boyunca Japonya'da siyasi nüfuz elde etmesine neden olan faktörlere odaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, Aum Şinrikyo ve Birleşme Kilisesi gibi tartışmalı tarikatlar da dahil olmak üzere Japonya'daki dini gruplar, "kült tartışması" başlığı altında halkla ilişkiler ve oransız büyümeleri noktasında önemli vaka çalışmaları sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, önceki çalışmaların çoğu kapsam bakımından sınırlıydı. Ayrıca, UC'nin Japonya'nın demokratik sistemi üzerindeki temel/genel etkisine ilişkin görüşleri sunmak veya değerlendirmek için sadece birkaç tek tip teknik vardı. Bu çalışma, tarihi ve güncel faktörlerden hareketle önceki görüşler arasında bir köprü kurarak literatürün sınırlarını genişletmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Mevcut literatürün yanı sıra arşiv verilerinin nitel analizi yoluyla, belirli siyasi figürlerin, İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi siyasi ideolojik farklılıklardan beslenen rekabetlerinin ve İşgal dönemi politikalarının UC'nin Japonya'da kök salmasına yardımcı olan faktörler olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu faktörler, UC'ye dair ilk dönem bakış açılarını ortaya çıkarmak için araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, ortaya çıkabilecek sosyal sorunlar pahasına İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası Japonya'da siyasi genişleme için UC'nin hızlı ve derin bir şekilde organize olmasının önünün açıldığı görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Abe 2022 Shinzo Abe. Atarashii Kuni He Utsukushii Kuni He - Kanzenban (Toward New Country, Toward a Beautiful Country: Complete Edition). 3rd ed. Bunshun Shinsho. https://books.bunshun.jp/ud/book/num/9784166609031.
  • Asahi Shimbun 2022 The Asahi Shimbun. “447 Politicians, Most with LDP, Have Unification Church Links | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis.” Accessed November 20. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14710670.
  • Barker 2019 Eileen Barker. “Unification Church, Moonies.” In Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, edited by Henri Gooren, 1579–83. Religions of the World. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Bibby 1978 Reginald W. Bibby. “Why Conservative Churches Really Are Growing: Kelley Revisited.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 17, no. 2, 129–37.
  • Box and McCormack 2004 Meredith Box, and Gavan McCormack. “Terror in Japan: The Red Army (1969-2001) and Aum Supreme Truth (1987-2000).” The Asia-Pacific Journal 2, no. 6.
  • Bromley 2002 David G. Bromley. “Dramatic Denouement.” In Review of Cults, Religion and Violence (Eds) David G. Bromley and J. Melton Gordon. Cambridge University Press.
  • Britannica 2022 Britannica. “Ikeda Hayato, Prime Minister of Japan.” Accessed November 15. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ikeda-Hayato.
  • Curtis 1999 Gerald L. Curtis. The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change. Columbia University Press.
  • Courts in Japan 2003 Courts in Japan. “Dai 389-Gō Songai Baishō Seikyū Hanketsu Bun Saibansho [No. 389 Claim for Damages Judgment Court]”. https://www.courts.go.jp/app/files/hanrei_jp/535/006535_hanrei.pdf.
  • Diehl 2018 Chad R. Diehl. “The ‘Saint’ of Urakami: Nagai Takashi and Early Representations of the Atomic Experience.” In Resurrecting Nagasaki: Reconstruction and the Formation of Atomic Narratives, edited by Chad R. Diehl. Cornell University Press.
  • Doğrul 2020 Mürsel Doğrul. Japonya’nın Terörle Mücadele Politikası (The Counter-Terrorism Policy of Japan). E-Book.
  • Doğrul and Korkut 2022
  • Mürsel Doğrul, and Cem Korkut. “Transformation of the Institutional Political Economy of Japan: From Rice Field Property Reform to the Zaibatsu.” Ege Academic Review Id: 1087133, no. Accepted and Early View.
  • Dower 1999 John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
  • Dündar 2006 A. Merthan Dündar. Panislamizm’den Büyük Asyacılığa Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Japonya ve Orta Asya. 1. Baskı. Ötüken Neşriyat.
  • Esenbel 2007 Selçuk Esenbel. “The Legacy of the War and the World of Islam in Japanese Pan-Asian Discourse: Wakabayashi Han’s Kaikyô Sekai to Nihon.” in Rotem Kowner (Ed.), Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5, 263–80. 1. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.
  • Esenbel et al. Selçuk Esenbel, Erdal Küçükyalçın, Larisa Usmanova, Renée Worringer, Ulrich Brandenburg, and Nagashima Iku. “Japan’s Interaction with the Turkish and the Muslim World.” Global Perspectives on Japan 2. https://forumtauripress.com/shop/ global-perspectives-on-japan-issue-2-open-access
  • Fee 2022 Will Fee. “Kishida Denies Unification Church Ties as Magazine Links Backer to Group.” The Japan Times, August 24. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/24/national/politics-diplomacy/kishida-denies-links-unification-church/
  • Fitrakis 2012 Bob Fitrakis. “Reverend Moon: Cult Leader, CIA Asset and Bush Family Friend.” Cult Recovery 101 (blog), October 24. https://cultrecovery101.com/reverend-moon-cult-leader-cia-asset-and-bush-family-friend-2/.
  • Gerteis 2021 Christopher Gerteis. The Cold War and the Making of the Sixties Generation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021.
  • Hayes 2014 Rupert Wingfield-Hayes. “Japan Ministers Yuko Obuchi and Midori Matsushima Quit.” BBC News, October 20, sec. Asia. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29684631.
  • Hughes 2016 Christopher W. Hughes “Japan’s ‘Resentful Realism’ and Balancing China’s Rise.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 9, no. 2, 109–50.
  • Japan Times 2022a The Japan Times. “3,500 Unification Church Followers Protest against Japanese Media Reports.” Accessed November 1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/19/national/media-national/unification-church-protest/.
  • Japan Times 2022b The Japan Times. “14 from Opposition CDP Had Dealings with Unification Church.” Accessed November 1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/24/national/politics-diplomacy/cdp-unification-church/.
  • Japan Times 2022c The Japan Times. “Japan Panel Takes up ‘Spiritual Sales’ amid Unification Church Row,” August 30. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/30/national/crime-legal/japan-unification-church-sales-panel/
  • Japan Times 2022d The Japan Times. “Japan PM Calls on Ministers and LDP Execs to Cut Unification Church Ties,” August 22. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/22/national/politics-diplomacy/ldp-code-of-conduct-unification-church/
  • Japan Times 2022e The Japan Times. “Police Seek Indictment of Man Who Tweeted Kishida Assassination Threat.” Accessed November 1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/24/national/crime-legal/police-indictment-kishida-assassination-threat/.
  • Japan Times 2022f The Japan Times. “Over 100 Japan Lawmakers Had Links with Unification Church: Survey,” August 14. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/14/national/politics-diplomacy/unification-church-links-survey/.
  • Jellinek 1929 Georg Jellinek. Allgemeine Staatslehre [Genel Devlet Kuramı]. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer.
  • Jiji 2022 Jiji Press. “Hankyō’ teko, kishi moto shushō to kimyaku mago no Abe-shi ga kankei keishō ― kyū Tōitsukyōkai to Jimin no han seiki ["Anti-Communist" Leverage, Former Prime Minister Kishi and His Spirit Grandson Mr. Abe Inherited Relationships - Half a Century of the Former Unification Church and the Liberal Democratic Party].” Jiji Press Website. https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2022081700804&g=pol
  • Kapranov 2017 S. Kapranov, The formation of Kita Ikki as an intellectual (1883–1906), The Oriental Studies, 79, pp. 128-151.
  • Kelley 1972 Dean M. Kelley. Why Conservative Churches Are Growing: A Study in Sociology of Religion. 1st ed. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Kosuke 2022 Takahashi Kosuke. “The LDP’s Tangled Ties to the Unification Church.” Accessed November 15. https://thediplomat.com /2022/07/the-ldps-tangled-ties-to-the-unification-church/ .
  • Kotani 2022 K. Kotani. Nihon Interijensu-Shi [History of Japanese Intelligence]. 1st. Chūkōrōn shinsha.
  • Kreiner 2015 Josef Kreiner. “Brief Remarks on Paradigm Shifts in Japanese Anthropology during the 20th Century.” Global Perspectives on Japan 1.
  • Küçükyalçın 2019 Erdal Küçükyalçın. “Church-state Relations and the Birth of Secularism in Japan”, in Meiji Japan Revisited in its 150th Anniversary, ed. Merthan Dündar. Ankara: Ankara Univ, APAM. pp. 37-50.
  • Lande 2017 Eivind Lande. “Between Offensive and Defensive Realism – The Japanese Abe Government’s Security Policy toward China.” Asian Security 14, no. 2 (May 30), 172–92.
  • Liff 2015 Adam P. Liff “Japan’s Defense Policy: Abe the Evolutionary.” Washington Quarterly 38, no. 2 (July 30), 79–99.
  • Lofland 1966 John Lofland. Doomsday Cult. Prentice-Hall.
  • Maruyama 1963 M. Maruyama, Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics. Ivan Morris (Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Maruyama 2012 M. Maruyama (Shinsō-Ban) Gendai Seiji No Shisō to Kōdō [(New Edition) Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics]. 7th ed. Miraisha. http://www.miraisha.co.jp/np/ isbn/9784624301033
  • Masland 1947 Masland, John W. “Post-War Government and Politics of Japan.” The Journal of Politics 9, no. 4 (1947), 565–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/2125732.
  • McGill 2022 Peter McGill. “The Dark Shadow Cast by Moon Sun Myung’s Unification Church and Abe Shinzo.” The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 20, no. 17. https://apjjf.org/2022/17/McGill.html.
  • McNeill 2022 David McNeill. “The Abe Legacy: A Compendium.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 20, no. 16 (September 15), 1–33.
  • McVeigh 2003 Brian J. McVeigh Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystifying Identity. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md.
  • Melton 1986 J. Gordon Melton. Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sect Leaders. New York: Garland Pub.
  • Muir 1999 Angus M. Muir. “Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case of Aum Shinrikyo.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 22, no. 1 (February 1), 79–91.
  • Nakanishi 2015 Hiroshi Nakanishi. “Reorienting Japan? Security Transformation Under the Second Abe Cabinet.” Asian Perspective 39, no. 3 (August 12): 405–21.
  • NHK 1960 Japan Broadcasting Corporation. “Shakaitō Asanuma Iin-chō Shisatsu Jiken (Assassination of Socialist Party Chairman Asanuma)”. October 12, 1960. https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives /tv60bin/detail/index.cgi?das_id=D0009030037_00000
  • Nikkan Sports 2022 Nikkan Sports. “Arita Yoshio-Shi, Ōta Hikaru No Kyū Tōitsukyōkai Meguru Hatsugen Ni Ikari `sukkari Tōitsukyōkai No Shuchō’-Do o Koshita Hatsugen’ [Yoshio Arita Angered by Hikaru Ota’s Remarks about the Former Unification Church]”. https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/202209260000228.html
  • Nikkei 2022 Nikkei staff writers. “In a First, Japan Plans to Question Unification Church about Operations.” Nikkei Asia. Accessed November 1. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Unification-Church-and-politics/In-a-first-Japan-plans-to-question-Unification-Church-about-operations.
  • Nikkei Asia 2022 Nikkei Asia, “Half of Japan’s LDP Lawmakers Had Ties with Unification Church.” Accessed November 20. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Unification-Church-and-politics/Half-of-Japan-s-LDP-lawmakers-had-ties-with-Unification-Church
  • Nurcan 2022 Elif Sercen Nurcan. “Assassination of Japan’s Abe: Regional Underpinnings and Implications.” Feniks Politik, August 5. https://fenikspolitik.org/assassination-of-japans-abe-regional-underpinnings-and-implications/.
  • Parsons 1989 Arthur S. Parsons “The Secular Contribution to Religious Innovation: A Case Study of the Unification Church.” Sociological Analysis 50, no. 3, 209–27.
  • Pyle 2018 Kenneth B. Pyle. “Japan’s Return to Great Power Politics: Abe’s Restoration.” Asia Policy 25, 69–90.
  • Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 2016
  • Reikan Shōhō [Spiritual Sales Method.” Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. https://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ kurashi/higai/shoho/reikan.html.
  • Revolution+1 2022 Revolution+1. Drama. Loft Project. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22437974/.
  • Robbins 1981 Thomas Robbins. “Church, State and Cult.” Sociological Analysis 42, no. 3, 209–25.
  • Saeki 2014 Chizuru Saeki. “Helen Keller’s Civil Diplomacy in Japan in 1937 and 1948.” Japan Review, no. 27: 201–20.
  • Sakurai 2004 Yoshihide Sakurai. “Strategy for the Development of Religious Organizations and the Problem of 'Cults”, in The Sociology of Spirituality: Exploring Religiousness in the Modern World. Masayuki Ito, Naoki Kajio, Tatsuya Yumiyama (eds.). Sekai Shisosha.
  • Sakurai 2010 Yoshihide Sakurai. “Geopolitical Mission Strategy; The Case of the Unification Church in Japan and Korea.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37, no. 2, 317–34.
  • Sakurai 2022 Yoshihide Sakurai. “The Unification Church and Its Japanese Victims: The Need for ‘Religious Literacy”, nippon.com, October 28. https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d00845/
  • SCAP 1949 Supreme Commander Section for the Allied Powers Government. Political Reorientation of Japan, September 1945 to September 1948: Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Political_Reorientation_of_Japan_Septemb.html?id=KzlBwwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
  • Scheiner 2005 Ethan Scheiner. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sissons 1959 Sissons, D. C. S. “The Dispute Over Japan’s Police Law.” Pacific Affairs 32, n. 1: 34–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/3035341.
  • Sontag 1977 Frederick Sontag. Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. First Edition. MW Books.
  • Sugano 2016 Tamotsu Sugano. “Nihon Kaigi no Kenkyū (Research on Nihon Kaigi)”. Fusosha.
  • Sumimoto 2000 Tokihisa Sumimoto. “Religious Freedom Problems in Japan: Background and Current Prospects.” International Journal of Peace Studies 5, no. 2. 77–86.
  • Takahara 2022 Kanako Takahara. “Unification Church Could Be Stripped of Special Status after Kishida Probe.” The Japan Times, October 17. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/10/17/national/kishida-unification-church-investigation/
  • Takeuchi 1967 Yoshitomo Takeuchi. “The Role of Marxism in Japan.” The Developing Economies 5, no. 4 (December), 727–35.
  • Tansman 2009 Alan Tansman, (ed.) The Culture of Japanese Fascism. Asia-Pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Taylor 1978 David Taylor. Social Organization of Recruitment in the Unification Church. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers, January 1.
  • Umemoto 2011 Daisuke Umemoto. “Naimushō Kaitai to Sengo Kyōiku Gyōsei Kaikaku ―`Chihō Bunken' ni Chakumoku Shite (Dissolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Postwar Educational Administration Reform: Focusing on "Decentralization." Waseda University Graduate Research Institute of Education Bulletin 19, no. 1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144440174.pdf.
  • Usaki 1990 Masahiro Usaki. “Restrictions on Political Campaigns in Japan.” Law and Contemporary Problems 53 (Spring), 133–56.
  • Ware 1983 George William Ware. “Political Change During the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952): The Justin Williams Papers in the East Asia Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland,” Journal of East Asian Libraries 72, January 10, 19.
  • Watanabe 1998 Manabu Watanabe. “Religion and Violence in Japan Today: A Chronological and Doctrinal Analysis of Aum Shinrikyox.” Terrorism and Political Violence 10, no. 4, 80–100.
  • Wiepking 2014 Pamala Wiepking. “Examining the Association of Religious Context with Giving to Non-Profit Organizations.” European Sociological Review 30, no. 5 (October 1): 640–54.
  • Woodall 2014 Brian Woodall. Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868. 1st edition. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Zafirovski and Daniel 2013 Milan Zafirovski, and Daniel G. Rodeheaver. Modernity and Terrorism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review

Yıl 2022, , 551 - 576, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226559

Öz

The cult previously known as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, called the Unification Church (UC), was launched to the forefront of public discussion around the globe following the assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe in July 2022. The cult itself is no stranger to controversy given its history, however, this incident was particularly disruptive as Japan faced a politician’s assassination motivated by social problems caused by a Christian religious group along with the revelation of widespread connections between the said group and the ruling political party. This chain of events inflicted a damaging influence on Japan’s democracy, an outcome that requires a closer inspection of its roots. To achieve such a goal, this study turns toward factors that allowed the UC to achieve political influence in Japan during the country's pre- and post-World War II political history. In addition, religious groups in Japan, including controversial cults such as Aum Shinrikyo and the UC provide important case studies in public relations and fast development under the title of the “cult controversy”. However, many of the previous studies were insufficient regarding their scope, and there was no uniform technique for presenting or assessing the usually brief opinions on the UC's actual overall influence on Japan's democratic system. However, many of the previous studies were limited in scope. Moreover, there were only a few uniform techniques for presenting or assessing views on the core/overall influence of UC on Japan's democratic system. This study aims to expand the limitations of the literature by bridging previous views based on the historical and recent factors. Through qualitative analysis of archival data as well as existing literature, it is found that the rivalries of certain political figures, pre-WWII rivalries rooted in political ideological differences, and Occupation-era policies were factors that allowed UC to take root in Japan. These factors were explored to reveal early perspectives on UC. As a result, it is found that the rapid and deep organization of UC paved the way for political expansion in post-WWII Japan at the expense of potential social problems.

Kaynakça

  • Abe 2022 Shinzo Abe. Atarashii Kuni He Utsukushii Kuni He - Kanzenban (Toward New Country, Toward a Beautiful Country: Complete Edition). 3rd ed. Bunshun Shinsho. https://books.bunshun.jp/ud/book/num/9784166609031.
  • Asahi Shimbun 2022 The Asahi Shimbun. “447 Politicians, Most with LDP, Have Unification Church Links | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis.” Accessed November 20. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14710670.
  • Barker 2019 Eileen Barker. “Unification Church, Moonies.” In Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, edited by Henri Gooren, 1579–83. Religions of the World. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Bibby 1978 Reginald W. Bibby. “Why Conservative Churches Really Are Growing: Kelley Revisited.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 17, no. 2, 129–37.
  • Box and McCormack 2004 Meredith Box, and Gavan McCormack. “Terror in Japan: The Red Army (1969-2001) and Aum Supreme Truth (1987-2000).” The Asia-Pacific Journal 2, no. 6.
  • Bromley 2002 David G. Bromley. “Dramatic Denouement.” In Review of Cults, Religion and Violence (Eds) David G. Bromley and J. Melton Gordon. Cambridge University Press.
  • Britannica 2022 Britannica. “Ikeda Hayato, Prime Minister of Japan.” Accessed November 15. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ikeda-Hayato.
  • Curtis 1999 Gerald L. Curtis. The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change. Columbia University Press.
  • Courts in Japan 2003 Courts in Japan. “Dai 389-Gō Songai Baishō Seikyū Hanketsu Bun Saibansho [No. 389 Claim for Damages Judgment Court]”. https://www.courts.go.jp/app/files/hanrei_jp/535/006535_hanrei.pdf.
  • Diehl 2018 Chad R. Diehl. “The ‘Saint’ of Urakami: Nagai Takashi and Early Representations of the Atomic Experience.” In Resurrecting Nagasaki: Reconstruction and the Formation of Atomic Narratives, edited by Chad R. Diehl. Cornell University Press.
  • Doğrul 2020 Mürsel Doğrul. Japonya’nın Terörle Mücadele Politikası (The Counter-Terrorism Policy of Japan). E-Book.
  • Doğrul and Korkut 2022
  • Mürsel Doğrul, and Cem Korkut. “Transformation of the Institutional Political Economy of Japan: From Rice Field Property Reform to the Zaibatsu.” Ege Academic Review Id: 1087133, no. Accepted and Early View.
  • Dower 1999 John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
  • Dündar 2006 A. Merthan Dündar. Panislamizm’den Büyük Asyacılığa Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Japonya ve Orta Asya. 1. Baskı. Ötüken Neşriyat.
  • Esenbel 2007 Selçuk Esenbel. “The Legacy of the War and the World of Islam in Japanese Pan-Asian Discourse: Wakabayashi Han’s Kaikyô Sekai to Nihon.” in Rotem Kowner (Ed.), Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5, 263–80. 1. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.
  • Esenbel et al. Selçuk Esenbel, Erdal Küçükyalçın, Larisa Usmanova, Renée Worringer, Ulrich Brandenburg, and Nagashima Iku. “Japan’s Interaction with the Turkish and the Muslim World.” Global Perspectives on Japan 2. https://forumtauripress.com/shop/ global-perspectives-on-japan-issue-2-open-access
  • Fee 2022 Will Fee. “Kishida Denies Unification Church Ties as Magazine Links Backer to Group.” The Japan Times, August 24. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/24/national/politics-diplomacy/kishida-denies-links-unification-church/
  • Fitrakis 2012 Bob Fitrakis. “Reverend Moon: Cult Leader, CIA Asset and Bush Family Friend.” Cult Recovery 101 (blog), October 24. https://cultrecovery101.com/reverend-moon-cult-leader-cia-asset-and-bush-family-friend-2/.
  • Gerteis 2021 Christopher Gerteis. The Cold War and the Making of the Sixties Generation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021.
  • Hayes 2014 Rupert Wingfield-Hayes. “Japan Ministers Yuko Obuchi and Midori Matsushima Quit.” BBC News, October 20, sec. Asia. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29684631.
  • Hughes 2016 Christopher W. Hughes “Japan’s ‘Resentful Realism’ and Balancing China’s Rise.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 9, no. 2, 109–50.
  • Japan Times 2022a The Japan Times. “3,500 Unification Church Followers Protest against Japanese Media Reports.” Accessed November 1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/19/national/media-national/unification-church-protest/.
  • Japan Times 2022b The Japan Times. “14 from Opposition CDP Had Dealings with Unification Church.” Accessed November 1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/24/national/politics-diplomacy/cdp-unification-church/.
  • Japan Times 2022c The Japan Times. “Japan Panel Takes up ‘Spiritual Sales’ amid Unification Church Row,” August 30. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/30/national/crime-legal/japan-unification-church-sales-panel/
  • Japan Times 2022d The Japan Times. “Japan PM Calls on Ministers and LDP Execs to Cut Unification Church Ties,” August 22. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/22/national/politics-diplomacy/ldp-code-of-conduct-unification-church/
  • Japan Times 2022e The Japan Times. “Police Seek Indictment of Man Who Tweeted Kishida Assassination Threat.” Accessed November 1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/24/national/crime-legal/police-indictment-kishida-assassination-threat/.
  • Japan Times 2022f The Japan Times. “Over 100 Japan Lawmakers Had Links with Unification Church: Survey,” August 14. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/14/national/politics-diplomacy/unification-church-links-survey/.
  • Jellinek 1929 Georg Jellinek. Allgemeine Staatslehre [Genel Devlet Kuramı]. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer.
  • Jiji 2022 Jiji Press. “Hankyō’ teko, kishi moto shushō to kimyaku mago no Abe-shi ga kankei keishō ― kyū Tōitsukyōkai to Jimin no han seiki ["Anti-Communist" Leverage, Former Prime Minister Kishi and His Spirit Grandson Mr. Abe Inherited Relationships - Half a Century of the Former Unification Church and the Liberal Democratic Party].” Jiji Press Website. https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2022081700804&g=pol
  • Kapranov 2017 S. Kapranov, The formation of Kita Ikki as an intellectual (1883–1906), The Oriental Studies, 79, pp. 128-151.
  • Kelley 1972 Dean M. Kelley. Why Conservative Churches Are Growing: A Study in Sociology of Religion. 1st ed. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Kosuke 2022 Takahashi Kosuke. “The LDP’s Tangled Ties to the Unification Church.” Accessed November 15. https://thediplomat.com /2022/07/the-ldps-tangled-ties-to-the-unification-church/ .
  • Kotani 2022 K. Kotani. Nihon Interijensu-Shi [History of Japanese Intelligence]. 1st. Chūkōrōn shinsha.
  • Kreiner 2015 Josef Kreiner. “Brief Remarks on Paradigm Shifts in Japanese Anthropology during the 20th Century.” Global Perspectives on Japan 1.
  • Küçükyalçın 2019 Erdal Küçükyalçın. “Church-state Relations and the Birth of Secularism in Japan”, in Meiji Japan Revisited in its 150th Anniversary, ed. Merthan Dündar. Ankara: Ankara Univ, APAM. pp. 37-50.
  • Lande 2017 Eivind Lande. “Between Offensive and Defensive Realism – The Japanese Abe Government’s Security Policy toward China.” Asian Security 14, no. 2 (May 30), 172–92.
  • Liff 2015 Adam P. Liff “Japan’s Defense Policy: Abe the Evolutionary.” Washington Quarterly 38, no. 2 (July 30), 79–99.
  • Lofland 1966 John Lofland. Doomsday Cult. Prentice-Hall.
  • Maruyama 1963 M. Maruyama, Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics. Ivan Morris (Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Maruyama 2012 M. Maruyama (Shinsō-Ban) Gendai Seiji No Shisō to Kōdō [(New Edition) Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics]. 7th ed. Miraisha. http://www.miraisha.co.jp/np/ isbn/9784624301033
  • Masland 1947 Masland, John W. “Post-War Government and Politics of Japan.” The Journal of Politics 9, no. 4 (1947), 565–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/2125732.
  • McGill 2022 Peter McGill. “The Dark Shadow Cast by Moon Sun Myung’s Unification Church and Abe Shinzo.” The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 20, no. 17. https://apjjf.org/2022/17/McGill.html.
  • McNeill 2022 David McNeill. “The Abe Legacy: A Compendium.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 20, no. 16 (September 15), 1–33.
  • McVeigh 2003 Brian J. McVeigh Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystifying Identity. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md.
  • Melton 1986 J. Gordon Melton. Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sect Leaders. New York: Garland Pub.
  • Muir 1999 Angus M. Muir. “Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case of Aum Shinrikyo.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 22, no. 1 (February 1), 79–91.
  • Nakanishi 2015 Hiroshi Nakanishi. “Reorienting Japan? Security Transformation Under the Second Abe Cabinet.” Asian Perspective 39, no. 3 (August 12): 405–21.
  • NHK 1960 Japan Broadcasting Corporation. “Shakaitō Asanuma Iin-chō Shisatsu Jiken (Assassination of Socialist Party Chairman Asanuma)”. October 12, 1960. https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives /tv60bin/detail/index.cgi?das_id=D0009030037_00000
  • Nikkan Sports 2022 Nikkan Sports. “Arita Yoshio-Shi, Ōta Hikaru No Kyū Tōitsukyōkai Meguru Hatsugen Ni Ikari `sukkari Tōitsukyōkai No Shuchō’-Do o Koshita Hatsugen’ [Yoshio Arita Angered by Hikaru Ota’s Remarks about the Former Unification Church]”. https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/202209260000228.html
  • Nikkei 2022 Nikkei staff writers. “In a First, Japan Plans to Question Unification Church about Operations.” Nikkei Asia. Accessed November 1. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Unification-Church-and-politics/In-a-first-Japan-plans-to-question-Unification-Church-about-operations.
  • Nikkei Asia 2022 Nikkei Asia, “Half of Japan’s LDP Lawmakers Had Ties with Unification Church.” Accessed November 20. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Unification-Church-and-politics/Half-of-Japan-s-LDP-lawmakers-had-ties-with-Unification-Church
  • Nurcan 2022 Elif Sercen Nurcan. “Assassination of Japan’s Abe: Regional Underpinnings and Implications.” Feniks Politik, August 5. https://fenikspolitik.org/assassination-of-japans-abe-regional-underpinnings-and-implications/.
  • Parsons 1989 Arthur S. Parsons “The Secular Contribution to Religious Innovation: A Case Study of the Unification Church.” Sociological Analysis 50, no. 3, 209–27.
  • Pyle 2018 Kenneth B. Pyle. “Japan’s Return to Great Power Politics: Abe’s Restoration.” Asia Policy 25, 69–90.
  • Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 2016
  • Reikan Shōhō [Spiritual Sales Method.” Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. https://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ kurashi/higai/shoho/reikan.html.
  • Revolution+1 2022 Revolution+1. Drama. Loft Project. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22437974/.
  • Robbins 1981 Thomas Robbins. “Church, State and Cult.” Sociological Analysis 42, no. 3, 209–25.
  • Saeki 2014 Chizuru Saeki. “Helen Keller’s Civil Diplomacy in Japan in 1937 and 1948.” Japan Review, no. 27: 201–20.
  • Sakurai 2004 Yoshihide Sakurai. “Strategy for the Development of Religious Organizations and the Problem of 'Cults”, in The Sociology of Spirituality: Exploring Religiousness in the Modern World. Masayuki Ito, Naoki Kajio, Tatsuya Yumiyama (eds.). Sekai Shisosha.
  • Sakurai 2010 Yoshihide Sakurai. “Geopolitical Mission Strategy; The Case of the Unification Church in Japan and Korea.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37, no. 2, 317–34.
  • Sakurai 2022 Yoshihide Sakurai. “The Unification Church and Its Japanese Victims: The Need for ‘Religious Literacy”, nippon.com, October 28. https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d00845/
  • SCAP 1949 Supreme Commander Section for the Allied Powers Government. Political Reorientation of Japan, September 1945 to September 1948: Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Political_Reorientation_of_Japan_Septemb.html?id=KzlBwwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
  • Scheiner 2005 Ethan Scheiner. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sissons 1959 Sissons, D. C. S. “The Dispute Over Japan’s Police Law.” Pacific Affairs 32, n. 1: 34–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/3035341.
  • Sontag 1977 Frederick Sontag. Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. First Edition. MW Books.
  • Sugano 2016 Tamotsu Sugano. “Nihon Kaigi no Kenkyū (Research on Nihon Kaigi)”. Fusosha.
  • Sumimoto 2000 Tokihisa Sumimoto. “Religious Freedom Problems in Japan: Background and Current Prospects.” International Journal of Peace Studies 5, no. 2. 77–86.
  • Takahara 2022 Kanako Takahara. “Unification Church Could Be Stripped of Special Status after Kishida Probe.” The Japan Times, October 17. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/10/17/national/kishida-unification-church-investigation/
  • Takeuchi 1967 Yoshitomo Takeuchi. “The Role of Marxism in Japan.” The Developing Economies 5, no. 4 (December), 727–35.
  • Tansman 2009 Alan Tansman, (ed.) The Culture of Japanese Fascism. Asia-Pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Taylor 1978 David Taylor. Social Organization of Recruitment in the Unification Church. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers, January 1.
  • Umemoto 2011 Daisuke Umemoto. “Naimushō Kaitai to Sengo Kyōiku Gyōsei Kaikaku ―`Chihō Bunken' ni Chakumoku Shite (Dissolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Postwar Educational Administration Reform: Focusing on "Decentralization." Waseda University Graduate Research Institute of Education Bulletin 19, no. 1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144440174.pdf.
  • Usaki 1990 Masahiro Usaki. “Restrictions on Political Campaigns in Japan.” Law and Contemporary Problems 53 (Spring), 133–56.
  • Ware 1983 George William Ware. “Political Change During the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952): The Justin Williams Papers in the East Asia Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland,” Journal of East Asian Libraries 72, January 10, 19.
  • Watanabe 1998 Manabu Watanabe. “Religion and Violence in Japan Today: A Chronological and Doctrinal Analysis of Aum Shinrikyox.” Terrorism and Political Violence 10, no. 4, 80–100.
  • Wiepking 2014 Pamala Wiepking. “Examining the Association of Religious Context with Giving to Non-Profit Organizations.” European Sociological Review 30, no. 5 (October 1): 640–54.
  • Woodall 2014 Brian Woodall. Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868. 1st edition. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Zafirovski and Daniel 2013 Milan Zafirovski, and Daniel G. Rodeheaver. Modernity and Terrorism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Elif Sercen Nurcan 0000-0002-7104-0283

Mürsel Doğrul 0000-0002-0637-843X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Sercen Nurcan, E., & Doğrul, M. (2022). Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 37(2), 551-576. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226559
AMA Sercen Nurcan E, Doğrul M. Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review. TID. Aralık 2022;37(2):551-576. doi:10.18513/egetid.1226559
Chicago Sercen Nurcan, Elif, ve Mürsel Doğrul. “Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 551-76. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226559.
EndNote Sercen Nurcan E, Doğrul M (01 Aralık 2022) Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37 2 551–576.
IEEE E. Sercen Nurcan ve M. Doğrul, “Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review”, TID, c. 37, sy. 2, ss. 551–576, 2022, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1226559.
ISNAD Sercen Nurcan, Elif - Doğrul, Mürsel. “Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37/2 (Aralık 2022), 551-576. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226559.
JAMA Sercen Nurcan E, Doğrul M. Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review. TID. 2022;37:551–576.
MLA Sercen Nurcan, Elif ve Mürsel Doğrul. “Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 37, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 551-76, doi:10.18513/egetid.1226559.
Vancouver Sercen Nurcan E, Doğrul M. Unification Church and Japan: A Historical Review. TID. 2022;37(2):551-76.