Armenian Destruction of Azerbaijan’s Cultural Heritage and Debates on Restoration Efforts in the Liberated Territories

Öz

AZERBAYCAN KÜLTÜREL MİRASINA YÖNELİK ERMENİ TAHRİBATI VE İŞGALDEN KURTARILAN BÖLGELERDEKİ RESTORASYON ÇALIŞMALARINA DAİR TARTIŞMALAR

Öz

2020 II. Karabağ Savaşı’nın sona ermesiyle birlikte Karabağ’daki Ermeni işgali de sona ermiştir. Yaklaşık 30 yıldır süren işgalin bitişini takiben Azerbaycan Hükümeti, işgalden kurtarılan bölgelerde Hristiyan Kafkasya Albanları ile Türk-İslam topluluklarından kalan kültürel miras unsurları için büyük bir restorasyon hareketi başlatmıştır. Ancak Ermenistan, ilgili restorasyon hareketini bir “iz silme” politikası olarak lanse etmektedir. Bölgede Ermeniler’e ait olduğu iddia edilen kültürel mirasın kasten yok edildiği iddiası, Batı dünyası tarafından da benimsenmekte; Ermenistan’ın temelsiz ve çelişkili tarihsel anlatıları ile Azerbaycan’ın kendi ata topraklarındaki varlığı sorgulanmakta ve Azerbaycan’ın uluslararası itibarı zedelenmektedir. Buna ek olarak Karabağ ve çevresinde Ermeniler tarafından gerçekleştirilen kültürel miras kıyımı yeterince gündeme getirilmemektedir. Azerbaycan’a yöneltilen suçlamalar karşısındaki savunmalar Azerbaycan’ın ulusal medyası ve Türkiye’nin çabalarıyla sınırlıdır. Çalışmanın ana motivasyonu, Kafkasya Albanları ile Türk ve İslam topluluklarının sentezinden doğan Azerbaycan halkının öz yurdu Karabağ üzerinden uğradığı haksız ithamı değerlendirmek ve Ermeniler’in “iz silme” politikasını aydınlatmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kültürel Miras
• Güney Kafkasya
• Karabağ
• Azerbaycan

Kaynakça

1. AAHC Artsakh Diocese AAHC Artsakh Diocese. The Orthodox encyclopedia, published with the blessing and under the editorship of the Patriarch Kirill of the Church of Moscow and All Rus', presents the history of Dadivank. https://artsakhdiocese.am/en/dadivanki-haykakanutyuny-pastogh-artasahmanyan-grakanutyun
2. ACLED 2024 ACLED. Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh. https://acleddata.com/2024/09/20/destruction-of-armenian-heritage/. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2024
3. Armenia News 2021 Armenia News. Abbot: Azerbaijanis want to occupy new positions across Amaras Monastery of Artsakh. https://news.am/eng/news/623076.html ET: 10 Ekim 2024
4. Armenia News 2022 Armenia News. Amaras Monastery restoration program 2nd phase completed in Artsakh. https://news.am/eng/news/697115.html ET: 12 Ekim 2024
5. Armenian National Armenian National Committee of America. (2016, May 30). Karabakh Committee of America 2016 Committed to cultural protection irrespective of origin. https://anca.org/karabakh-committed-to-cultural-protection-irrespective-of-origin/. ET: 21 Kasım 2024 Armenian National Armenian National Committee of America. Nagorno Karabakh - Overview.
6. Committee of America https://anca.org/nagorno-karabakh-overview-2/ ET: 21 Ekim 2024
7. Aydin 2024 Farman Aydin. September 19: Fiasco of pro-Armenian drama in European Parliament. Azer News: https://www.azernews.az/analysis/231544.html. Azərbaycan Respublikası Azərbaycan Respublikası Əqli Mülkiyyət Agentliyi. The victim of Əqli Mülkiyyət AgentliyiArmenian vandalism is Ganjasar Monastery. https://copat.gov.az/en/news/the-victim-of-armenian-vandalism-is-ganjasar-monastery ET: 21 Kasım 2024
8. AzerNews 2024 AzerNews. (August 3). Vatican article on Caucasian Albania ignites controversy in Armenian diaspora, La Gazette du Caucase reports. https://www.azernews.az/ nation/229480.html ET: 22 Kasım 2024

9. AZERTAC 2022 AZERTAC. (2022, 03 18). Amaras Monastery Complex. https://azertag.az/en/xeber/amaras_monastery_complex-2060543
10. Baku International Baku International Multiculturalism Centre. (2020, 11 17) Churches in Multiculturalism Centre 2020 Azerbaijan. http://multikulturalizm.gov.az/en/post/1734/churches-in-azerbaijan.html Erişim tarihi: 28 Eylül 2024
11. Bayramova 2024 Bayramova Yeganə, “Böyük Qayıdış” proqramı uğurla icra edilir”, https://www.yeniazerbaycan.com/ MEDIA_ e97627_az.html Caucasus Heritage Watch 2023a
12. Caucasus Heritage Watch. (April 5). Imarat Cemetery. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1eb80f0db26c42aca77cf95d7003c8dd Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2024 Caucasus Heritage Watch 2023b
13. Caucasus Heritage Watch. (April 5). Panah Ali Khan Mausoleum. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4795 d002769049ca9cc7a7140bc08730. ET: 17 Ekim 2024
14. Ertl 2023 Michael Ertl, (2023, September 28). Nagorno-Karabakh: Conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenians explained. BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66852070
15. European Parliament Legislative Observatory 2022 European Parliament Legislative Observatory. (03 10). Resolution on the destruction of cultural heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh. https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/summary.do?id=1696840&t=d&l=en ET: 10 Ekim 2024
16. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 2023 Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (2023, Oct 27). Supporting the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. https://gulbenkian.pt/armenian-communities/2023/10/27/ supporting-the-armenians-of-nagorno-karabakh/
17. France Diplomacy Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. France and for Europe and Foreign Affairs Armenia. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/armenia /france-and-armenia-65015/ ET: 01 Ekim 2024
18. Ghazanchyan 2021a Siranush Ghazanchyan, (2021, May 3). Azerbaijan “distorting” Ghazanchetsots Cathedral under the guise of “restoration” – Artsakh Ombudsman. Public Radio of Armenia. https://en.armradio.am/2021/05/03/azerbaijan-distorting-ghazanchetsots-cathedral-under-the-guise-of-restoration-artsakh-ombudsman/ ET: 15 Ekim 2024
19. Ghazanchyan 2021b Siranush Ghazanchyan, (2021, May 31). Over 100 pilgrims visit Amaras Monastery in Artsakh. Public Radio of Armenia. https://en.armradio.am/2021/05/31/over-100-pilgrims-visit-amaras-monastery-in-artsakh/ ET: 9 Eylül 2024
20. Ghazanchyan 2024a Siranush Ghazanchyan, (2024, September 19). European Parliament commemorates one year since ethnic cleansing in Nagorno Karabakh at the initiative of Nathalie Loiseau. Public Radio of Armenia. https://en.armradio.am/ 2024/09/19/european-parliament-commemorates-one-year-since-ethnic-cleansing-in-nagorno-karabakh-at-the-initiative-of-nathalie-loiseau/ ET: 19 Ekim 2024
21. Ghazanchyan 2024b Siranush Ghazanchyan, (2024, June 24). Satellite images show extensive cultural heritage destruction in Artsakh – CHW. Public Radio of Armenia. ET: 10 Eylül 2024
22. Google Earth 2024 Google Earth. https://shorturl.at/oyGe6 Et: 10 Ekim 2024
23. Google Earth 2024 Google Earth. https://shorturl.at/93Lfc Et: 10 Ekim 2024
24. Goukassian 2022 Elena Goukassian, (2022, November 25). ‘Cultural erasure’ in the Caucasus: new satellite imagery shows ongoing destruction of Armenian heritage sites. The Art Newspaper. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/11/ 25/cultural-erasure-in-the-caucasus-spreads-new-satellite -imagery-shows-destruction-of-armenian-heritage-sites
25. Gröndal 2023 Anna Guðný Gröndal, (2023, December 19). Cultural heritage under threat. How targeting of heritage is used in conflicts seen through the conflict of Nagorno Karabakh. Laboratorium för folk och kultur. Et: 10 Ekim 2024
26. Kayalı ve Gavin 2023 Laura Kayalı ve Gabriel Gavin, (2023, October 23). France sends weapons to Armenia amid fears of new conflict with Azerbaijan. Politico. https://www.politico.eu /article/france-armenia-fear-conflict-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-zangezur/
27. Kucera 2019 Joshua Kucera, (2019, Dec 4). Karabakh’s contentious mosque restoration. Eurasianet. https://eurasianet.org/ karabakhs-contentious-mosque-restoration
28. Maghakyan 2022 Simon Maghakyan, (2022, January 13). Cultural desecration is racial discrimination. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/01/13/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-cultural-desecration-is-racial-discrimination/
29. Mavrakis 2020 Anastasios Mavrakis (November 24) The ancient Armenian land of Artsakh. Armenian Weekly. https://armenianweekly. com/2020/11/24/the-ancient-armenian-land-of-artsakh/
30. Migdalovitz 2001 Carol Migdalovitz, Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict. CRS Issue Brief for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. ET: 19 Kasım 2024
31. Ministry of Culture of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2020, 10 05). Aghdam the Republic of Azerbaijan 2020aJuma Mosque. https://culture.gov.az/en/common-news/13238 Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Azerbaijan Khudavang Monastery Complex. https://culture.gov.az/en/common- Ministry of Culture of the Khurshudbanu Natavan’s House. https://culture.gov.az /en/common-news/13247
32. Republic Azerbaijan 2020b Monument Watch Monument Watch. About the Azerbaijani “restoration” of Surb Amenaprkich Ghazanchetsots Church in Shushi. https://monumentwatch.org/en/alerts/about-the-azerbaijani-restoration-of-surb-amenaprkich-ghazanchetsots-church-in-shushi/
33. Monument Watch Monument Watch. Azerbaijan claims that Dadivank Monastery belongs to Udi Cultural Heritage. https://monumentwatch.org/en/alerts/azerbaijan-claims-that-dadivank-monastery-belongs-to-udi-cultural-heritage/
34. Monument Watch Monument Watch Preserving the cultural and spiritual heritage of Nagorno-Karabakh: A conference at the European Parliament on January 24, 2024.
35. News.az International 2019 News.az International. Azerbaijani MFA comments on news disseminated by Armenian media regarding repair of Yukhari Govharagha mosque. https://news.az/news/ azerbaijani-mfa-comments-on-news-disseminated-by-armenian-media-regarding-repair-of-yukhari-govharagha-mosque
36. Official Website of President Official Website of President of Azerbaijan Republic. Ilham Aliyev examined of Azerbaijan Republic 2023 construction progress of Dashalti village mosque. https://president.az/en/articles/view/62624
37. Official web-site of President Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic. Presidents of Azerbaijan Republic 2024 Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan inspected ongoing works at Palace of Panahali Khan and Imarat complex in Aghdam. https://president.az/en/articles/view/65619/print
38. Ohanian 2007 Karine Ohanian. Karabakh mosques restored. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. https://iwpr.net/global-voices/karabakh-mosques-restored ET: 20 Eylül 2024
39. Report.az. 2020 Report.az.. Mosques destroyed by Armenians in Karabakh. https://report.az/en/karabakh/if-armenia-had-respected-religious-monuments-and-mosques-it-would-not-have-destroyed-the-monuments-in-azerbaijan-s-occupied-territories/
40. Report.az. Report.az, “Şuşada Yuxarı Gövhər Ağa məscidi əsaslı yenidənqurma və bərpadan sonra açılıb”, https://report.az/dini-xeberler/ansa-yeni-papa-sosial-meselelere-ve-munaqiselere-diqqet-yetirir/ Spilioti 2024 Arnaud Spilioti. Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh fear their religious heritage is in peril. La Croix International. https://international.la-croix.com/world/armenians-in-nagorno-karabakh-fear-their-religious-heritage-is-in-peril ET: 2 Kasım 2024
41. State Committee on Work with State Committee on Work with Religious Institutions. (2022, 10 06). Religious Institutions 2022 President Ilham Aliyev: “Armenians kept pigs and cows in the mosque” . https://scara.gov.az/en/xeber/ictimaiyyetle-elaqeler/xeberler/prezident-ilham-eliyev-ermeniler-mescidde-donuz-ve-inek-saxlayiblar ET: 20 Ekim 2024
42. Şuşa Şəhər Dövlət Qoruq İdarəsi. Şuşa Şəhər Dövlət Qoruq İdarəsi. . Khan's Palace. https://shusha.gov.az/en/abide/xan-sarayi ET: 25 Ekim 2024
43. The A. Bakikhanov The A. Bakikhanov Institute of History, N. A. . History of Garabagh. Institute of History Azərbaycan Respublikası Müdafiə Nazirliyi: https://mod.gov.az/en/history-of-karabakh-075/ Erişim tarihi: 22 Ekim 2024
44. The Armenian Mirror-Spectator The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Report by Caucasus Heritage Watch shows 2023 near total destruction of Armenian Heritage in Nakhichevan.
45. https://mirrorspectator.com/2023/06/22/report-by-caucasus-heritage-watch-shows-near-total-destruction-of-armenian-heritage-in-nakhichevan/ ET: 18 Ekim 2024
46. Turan.az.2023 Turan.az.. “Caucasus Heritage Watch” lies for the second time about the destruction of the church in the village of Susanlig. https://turan.az/en/social/caucasus-heritage-watch-lies-for-the-second-time-about-the-destruction-of-the-church-in-the-village-of-susanlig UN Human Rights Office UN Human Rights Office. Information by Azerbaijan to the study on intentional destruction of cultural heritage. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/CulturalRights/DestructionHeritage/States/Azerbaijan.pdf Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2024
47. United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly Security Council. The War against
48. UN Security Council 2008 Azerbaijani Cultural Heritage. Official Document System -UN: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n08/238/ 57/pdf/n0823857.pdf ET: 2 Ekim 2024
49. Vanyan 2024 Marut Vanyan, “Azerbaijan makes no secret of plans to erase all Armenian traces from Armenia”, Aravot. https://en.aravot.am/2024/03/09/343623/.
50. Azerbajdžanskaja Demokratičeskaja Respublika. Territorija (Rusça). https://axc.preslib.az/ru/page/6RCinSG2hs Erişim tarihi: 20 Kasım 2024
51. Alekperova 2017 Dž. Alekperova. “Armjano-grigorianskaja cerkovʹ na Protjaženii XIX ctoletija uničtožala i grabila Albanskoe nasledie”. Albano-Udinskaja Hristianskaja Obŝina — Azerbajdžanskoj Respubliki (Rusça) https://udi.az/ interview/0361.html ET: 1 Ekim 2024
52. Karta Kavkazskogo kraja s oboznačeniem granic 1799 goda, sostavlena v oboznačeniem granic Voenno-Istoričeskom otdele pri Štabe Kavkazskogo Voennogo 1799 goda 1899 Okruga. Istoričeskij očerk kavkazskih vojn ot ih načala do prisoedinenija Gruzii. Èlektronnaja ènciklopedija i biblioteka Runivers. (Rusça) https://runivers.ru/mp/maps-detail.php?ID=470675 ET: 30 Eylül 2024
53. Yüce 2024 Mehmet Yüce. Cumhurbaşkanı seçimi, SETAV| Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı https://www.setav.org/yorum/azerbaycanda-yeni-donem-ve-one-alinan-cumhurbaskani-secimi
54. Akpınar 1998 Yavuz Akpınar, “Hurşid Bânû Nâtevan”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hursid-banu-natevan
55. Aliyeva 2024 Nargiz Aliyeva. “Azerbaycan’da Selçuklular döneminde Hıristiyanlığın yeri”, XIX. Türk Tarih Kongresi. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, s. 167-187. Alizada 2024 Nazrin Alizada, “Iran and the South Caucasus: The 44- Day Karabakh War in the Changing Geopolitical Equation”, Review of Armenian Studies, 50, pp.141-162.
56. Alizadeh vd. 2021 R. Alizadeh - T. Aslanova - I. Brondz. To whom belongs the land? confrontation in Karabakh: On the origin of the Albanian Arsacids Dynasty. Voice of the Publisher, 7(1).
57. Asker 2021a Ali Asker, “Azerbaycan’ın son hamlesi ve çatışmanın askerî-siyasi çözümü”, Dünden bugüne Karabağ Sorunu (Editör: Haydar Çakmak). Yenisey Kitap, Ankara, s. 115-129.
58. Asker 2021b Ali Asker, “İkinci Karabağ Savaşı sonrası gelişmeler ve Azerbaycan’ın egemenlik hakkına yönelik ihlaller”, Karabağ. Dünü, Bugünü, Yarını (Editörler: Okan Yeşilot, Bihter Gürışık Köksal). Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 323-334.
59. Asker 2015 Ali Asker, “Ermeni Meselesi” ve Kafkasya Gerçekleri, Yüzüncü Yılında Ermeni Meselesi: İddialar-Yalanlar-Gerçekler (Editör: Hakan Boz), Aygan Yayınları. İstanbul, s. 446-509.
60. Asker ve Şeyban 2021 Ali Asker - Sedanur Şeyban, “Historical background, legal qualification and Political consequences of Kurekcay Agreement”, Giresun University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 7(1): s.34-50.
61. Azerbaycan Milli İlimler Azerbaycan Milli İlimler Akademisi (AMİA) A.A. Bakıhanov Adına Tarih Enstitüsü & Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, İravan Hanlığı, Ankara, 2018.
62. Bağırov, 2020 Bağırov Orxan, “Azad edilmiş ərazilərdə bərpa prosesinin əsas istiqamətləri”, Beynəlxalq Münasibətlərin Təhlili Mərkəzi, Bakı, s. 1-9.
63. Beydilli, 1988 Kemal Beydilli. 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus savaşında Doğu Anadolu’dan Rusya’ya göçürülen Ermeniler. Ankara TTK Yayınları. Bosworth, 1987 C. E. Bosworth. Azerbaijan. iv. Islamic History to 1941. Encyclopædia Iranica.
64. Buxton, 1926 Harold Jocelyn Buxton. Trans-Caucasia. London: The Faith Press.
65. Bünyadov ve Yusifov 2007 Azerbaycan Tarixi, Z.M. Bünyadov ve Y. B. Yusifov’un redaktesi ile, Bakü, Çıraq.
66. Hasanov 2023 Habil Hasanov. Russia’s Caucasus policy and its international consequences (70-80’s of XVI. E3S Web of Conferences.
67. Hewsen ve Jalaliants 2013 Robert Hewsen - Sargis Hasan-Jalaliants. History of the Land of Artsakh: Karabagh and Genje, 1722-1827. (K. V. Ketendjian, Çev.) Mazda Publishers.
68. Imranly 2007 Kamala Imranly. War against Azerbaijan targrting Cultural Heritage. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Azerbaijan; Heydar Aliyev Foundation.
69. İsmayıl ve Necefoğlu, 2021 Toğrul İsmayıl, A. Necefoğlu, The Caucasus states’ relations with Russia. In The changing perspectives and ‘new’ geopolitics of the Caucasus in the 21st century. Astana Yayınları. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/ 66782660/THE_CHANGING_PERSPECTIVES_AND_NEW_GEOPOLITICS_OF_THE_CAUCASUS_IN_THE_21ST_CENTURY_AKADE-libre.pdf ET: 06 Ekim 2024.
70. Kalankatuklu 2006 Moisey Kalankatuklu. Albaniya tarixi. (M. İsmayılov, Dü., & Z. Bünyadov, Çev.) Bakı: Avrasiya Press.
71. Kurban 2023 Vefa Kurban. Historical background of the Karabakh conflict and Shusha, the cultural capital. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
72. Kurban ve Çümen 2020 Vefa Kurban - Nur Çümen, “Tarihi ve güncel boyutları ile Karabağ”, ULİSA 12 (8), s.20-33
73. Kurban ve Ergün 2021 V. Kurban, O. Ergün, “The war between period and exclamation mark: New reality and Nagorno-Karabakh: The cemre that fell to Nagorno-Karabakh”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 36(1), s.209–251.
74. Kurban ve Gül 2023 V. Kurban, B. Gül, “Considering Turkish-Russian relations from a historical perspective: Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin’s period”, Islamic History and Literature, 1(2), s. 135–147. Mammadova 2021 Farida Mammadova. Caucasian Albania and Albanians. Baku: Baku International Multiculturalism Centre.
75. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Azerbaijan Department for Analysis and Strategic Studies. Documents of international organizations Republic of Azerbaijan on the Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict in 1992-2020. https://www.mfa.gov.az/files/documents-of-international-organizations-on-the-armenia-azerbaijan-conflict.pdf
76. Planhol 1987 X. Planhol, “Azerbaıjan i. Geography”, Encyclopaedia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-i ET: 20 Ekim 2024
77. Resulzade 1955 Mehmet Emin Resulzade. Azerbaycan problemi. Azerbaycan Kültür Derneği Yayınları.
78. Saydam 1990 Abdullah Saydam, “Rusya’nın Kafkasya'yı işgali”, Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 5(1), s. 239-257.
79. Sümer 1957 Faruk Sümer, “Azerbaycan’ın Türkleşmesi Tarihine Umumi Bir Bakış”, Belleten, 21(83), s.429–448.
80. Toprak ve İsmayıl 2025 M. K. Toprak, T. İsmayıl, “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Büyük Güç Olma Politikasında Yakın Çevre Doktrini”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), s.614–630.
81. Toynbee 1916 Arnold J. Toynbee. The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire ; documents presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
82. Wolff 2011 David Wolff, “Stalin’s postwar border-making tactics: East and West”, Cahiers du Monde russe, 52(2/3), s. 273-291.
83. Yeşilot 2008 Okan Yeşilot, "Türkmençay Antlaşması ve Sonuçları", A.Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 36, s.187-199.
84. Yeşilot 2015 Okan Yeşilot. Ateş çemberinde Azerbaycan. Yeditepe Yayınevi.
85. Yusıfov 2024 Asım Yusıfov, Azerbaycan-Ermenistan Savaşı’nın Ardından İşgal Sonrası Bölgelerin Yeniden Yapılandırılması, Karabük Üniversitesi SBE Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük.