Berbera Port in Somalia and Ottoman Empire’s Rights on This County Berbera city and port is in Aden Harbour and in Red Sea near to African shores. Its place is almost important. The port was captured by Portugals first time for a European power. But Memluks State couldn’t stop Portugal and her naval Powers in Egyptian African shores. After Ottoman State captured Egypt, his influence came to Somali shores and Berbera port too. This city and port has ruled by Ottomans at the end of 19th century. But in this century Egyptian soldiers came to this port wia Ottoman grant. England has captured this port with end of Egyptian power in this area. Finally with these circumstances Ottoman State intended to build his influence in this area again but this was not so easy. In 19th century when imperialism gold age, Somalia and her cities like Berbera saw a struggle and Somalia people lived in this atmosphere
Abdurrahman Abdullahi, Tribalism, Nationalism and Islam: The Crisis of Political Loyalty in Somalia, Institute od Islamic Studies, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, McGill University, Montreal
Ahmed Lütfi Efendi 1993
Ahmed Lütfi Efendi, Vakanüvis Ahmed Lütfi Efendi Tarihi, C. XV, Yayına Hazırlayan M. Münir Aktepe, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Ahmed ve Green1999 İsmail Ahmed I. - Reginald Herbold Green, “The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local- Level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 113-127.
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa 1309
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa, Tarih-i Cevdet, C.11-12, Tertib-i Cedit, Matbaa-i Osmaniye, Dersaadet.
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa 1991
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa, Tezakir 40-Tetimme, Yay. Cavid Baysun, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Ahmet Raşit Paşa 2013 Ahmet Raşit Paşa, Tarih-i Yemen ve San’a, C. I-II, Yay. Haz. Sadettin Baştürk, Taşhan Kitap Yayınları, Ankara.
Reyhan Şahin Allahverdi, “Kızıldeniz’de Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa’nın Habeşistan’daki Beylerbeyliği (1561-1567), Studies of the Ottoman Domain, C.3 S.5, s. 35- 48.
Şinasi Altundağ, Kavalalı Mehmet ali Paşa İsyanı Mısır Meselesi 1831-1841, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
R. W. Beachey, “The Arm Trade in East Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century”, The Journal of African History, Vol. 3. No. 3., pp. 451-467.
Roy Bridges, “The Visit of Frederick Forbes to the Somali Coast in 1833”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 679-691.
Richard F. Burton, “Narrative of a Trip to Harar”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 25, s. 136-150. Chaillé Long 1887
C. Chaillé Long, “Colonel Chaillé. Long on the Juba”, Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. 19, Charteris 1945
John Charteris, “Roadbuilding in the British Army”, Military Affairs, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 181-186.
E.H.M.Clifford, “The Biritish Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 87 No. 4, pp. 289-302.
M. Longworth Dames, “The Portuguese and Turks in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 1-28.
Édouard Driault, Napoléon’un Şark Siyaseti, Selim-i Salis, Napoléon, Sébastiani ve Gardane, Ter. Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad, Çev. Selma Günaydın, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Wayne K. Durrill, “Atrocious Misery: The African Origins of Famine in Northern Somalia, 1839-1884”, The American Review, Vol. 91 No. 2, Oxford University Press. Pp. 287-306.
Evliya Çelebi, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi: Mısır-Sudan- Habeşistan-Somali-Cibuti-Kenya-Tanzanya, 10. Kitap C. I-II, Haz. Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Ali İhsan Gencer, Bahriye’de Yapılan Islahat Hareketleri ve Bahriye Nezareti’nin Kuruluşu (1789-1867), TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Jon R. Godsall, “Richard Burton’s Somali Expedition, 1854- 55: Its Wider Historical Context and Planning”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Thir Series, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 135-173. R. Hartman, “Berbera”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, s. 524-525.
Robert L. Hess, “Italian Imperialism in Its Ethiopian Context”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 94-109.
Halford L. Hoskins, “British Policy in Africa 1873-1877: A Study in Geographical Politics”, Geographical Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 140-149.
Nikolay Ivanov, Osmanlı’nın Arap Ülkelerini Fethi 1516-1574, Çev. İlyas Kemaloğlu - Rakhat Abdieva, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Douglas Jardine, “Somaliland: The Cindrella of the Empire”, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 24, No. 94, pp. 100- 109. Kavas 2001
Ahmet Kavas, “Doğu Afrika Sahilinde Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Kuzey Somali’de Zeyla İskelesinin Konumu (1265-1334/1849- 1916)”, İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 5, s. 109-134.
H. B. Kittermaster, “British Somaliland”, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 27. No. 108, pp. 329-337.
Fred H. Lawson, “International Regimes and Commercial Hegemony: Control of the Arabian Littoral, 1800-1905”, The International History Review, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 84-112.
Arthur Marsden, “Salisbury and the Italians in 1896”, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 91-117.
Jama Mohammad, “The Political Ecology of Colonial Somaliland”, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 74, No. 4. Pp. 534-566.
Alice Moore-Harell, “Economic and Political Aspects of the Slave Trade in Ethiopia and the Sudan in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, pp. 407-421.
Alice Moore-Harell, “Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877- 1880”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 113-128.
Charles G. Nurse, “A Journey Through Part of Somali-Land, between Zeila and Bulhar”, Proceeding of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 657-663.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Habeş Eyaleti, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1996. Salih Özbaran, Umman’da Kapışan İmparatorluklar; Osmanlı ve Portekiz, Tarihçi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2013.
Richard Pankhurst, “Indian Trade with Ethiopia, the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries”, Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines, Vol. 14 Cahier 5, pp. 453-497.
H. G. Prout, “A Central African Railroad”, Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. 23, pp. 566- 574.
Agatha Ramm, “Great Britain and the Planting of Italian Power in the Red Sea 1868-1888”, The English Historical Review, vol. 59, No. 234, pp. 211-236.
E. G. Ravenstein, “Italian Explorations in the Upper Basin of the Jub”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 134-138.
Rawson W. Rawson, “European Territorial Claims on the coasts of the Red Sea and Its Southern Approaches, in 1885”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Soceity and Monthly of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 93-119. Robinson 1927
Arthur E. Robinson, “The Egyptian-Abyssinian War of 1874- 1876”, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 26, No. 103, Samatar vd. 1988
Abdi Samatar, Lance Salisbury ve Jonathan Bascom, “The Political Economy of Livestock Marketing in Northern Somalia”, African Economic History, No. 17, pp. 81-97.
Berbera şehri ve limanı, Aden Körfezi’nde ve Kızıldeniz’in Afrika sahillerinde yer alır. Bulunduğu konum itibariyle oldukça stratejik bir noktadadır. Liman Batılı bir güç olarak ilk defa Portekizlilerin eline geçmiş, Memlük Devleti ise bu süreçte Portekizlileri durduramamıştır. Ardından liman Osmanlıların idaresine girmiştir. XIX. yüzyıla kadar Osmanlı’nın kontrölünde kalan bölge daha sonra Mısır’a verilmiş ve ardından İngilizler kontrolü ellerine almışlardır. Tüm bu el değiştirmeler yaşanırken hem Berbera’nın hem Aden Körfezi’nin hem de Kızıldeniz’in önemi ve değeri artmıştır. Sonuçta bölgede yaşanan nüfuz mücadelesi sırasında Osmanlı Devleti bölge üzerindeki hukukunu korumaya çalışmış ancak bu hiç de kolay olmamıştır. Sömürgeciliğin en yoğun olarak yaşandığı XIX. yüzyılda bu çekişmeden en fazla zarar görenler ise Somali ve Somali’nin Berbera gibi liman şehirlerinde yaşayanlar olmuştur
Abdurrahman Abdullahi, Tribalism, Nationalism and Islam: The Crisis of Political Loyalty in Somalia, Institute od Islamic Studies, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, McGill University, Montreal
Ahmed Lütfi Efendi 1993
Ahmed Lütfi Efendi, Vakanüvis Ahmed Lütfi Efendi Tarihi, C. XV, Yayına Hazırlayan M. Münir Aktepe, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Ahmed ve Green1999 İsmail Ahmed I. - Reginald Herbold Green, “The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local- Level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 113-127.
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa 1309
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa, Tarih-i Cevdet, C.11-12, Tertib-i Cedit, Matbaa-i Osmaniye, Dersaadet.
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa 1991
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa, Tezakir 40-Tetimme, Yay. Cavid Baysun, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Ahmet Raşit Paşa 2013 Ahmet Raşit Paşa, Tarih-i Yemen ve San’a, C. I-II, Yay. Haz. Sadettin Baştürk, Taşhan Kitap Yayınları, Ankara.
Reyhan Şahin Allahverdi, “Kızıldeniz’de Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa’nın Habeşistan’daki Beylerbeyliği (1561-1567), Studies of the Ottoman Domain, C.3 S.5, s. 35- 48.
Şinasi Altundağ, Kavalalı Mehmet ali Paşa İsyanı Mısır Meselesi 1831-1841, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
R. W. Beachey, “The Arm Trade in East Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century”, The Journal of African History, Vol. 3. No. 3., pp. 451-467.
Roy Bridges, “The Visit of Frederick Forbes to the Somali Coast in 1833”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 679-691.
Richard F. Burton, “Narrative of a Trip to Harar”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 25, s. 136-150. Chaillé Long 1887
C. Chaillé Long, “Colonel Chaillé. Long on the Juba”, Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. 19, Charteris 1945
John Charteris, “Roadbuilding in the British Army”, Military Affairs, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 181-186.
E.H.M.Clifford, “The Biritish Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 87 No. 4, pp. 289-302.
M. Longworth Dames, “The Portuguese and Turks in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 1-28.
Édouard Driault, Napoléon’un Şark Siyaseti, Selim-i Salis, Napoléon, Sébastiani ve Gardane, Ter. Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad, Çev. Selma Günaydın, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Wayne K. Durrill, “Atrocious Misery: The African Origins of Famine in Northern Somalia, 1839-1884”, The American Review, Vol. 91 No. 2, Oxford University Press. Pp. 287-306.
Evliya Çelebi, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi: Mısır-Sudan- Habeşistan-Somali-Cibuti-Kenya-Tanzanya, 10. Kitap C. I-II, Haz. Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Ali İhsan Gencer, Bahriye’de Yapılan Islahat Hareketleri ve Bahriye Nezareti’nin Kuruluşu (1789-1867), TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Jon R. Godsall, “Richard Burton’s Somali Expedition, 1854- 55: Its Wider Historical Context and Planning”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Thir Series, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 135-173. R. Hartman, “Berbera”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, s. 524-525.
Robert L. Hess, “Italian Imperialism in Its Ethiopian Context”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 94-109.
Halford L. Hoskins, “British Policy in Africa 1873-1877: A Study in Geographical Politics”, Geographical Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 140-149.
Nikolay Ivanov, Osmanlı’nın Arap Ülkelerini Fethi 1516-1574, Çev. İlyas Kemaloğlu - Rakhat Abdieva, TTK Basımevi, Ankara.
Douglas Jardine, “Somaliland: The Cindrella of the Empire”, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 24, No. 94, pp. 100- 109. Kavas 2001
Ahmet Kavas, “Doğu Afrika Sahilinde Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Kuzey Somali’de Zeyla İskelesinin Konumu (1265-1334/1849- 1916)”, İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 5, s. 109-134.
H. B. Kittermaster, “British Somaliland”, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 27. No. 108, pp. 329-337.
Fred H. Lawson, “International Regimes and Commercial Hegemony: Control of the Arabian Littoral, 1800-1905”, The International History Review, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 84-112.
Arthur Marsden, “Salisbury and the Italians in 1896”, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 91-117.
Jama Mohammad, “The Political Ecology of Colonial Somaliland”, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 74, No. 4. Pp. 534-566.
Alice Moore-Harell, “Economic and Political Aspects of the Slave Trade in Ethiopia and the Sudan in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, pp. 407-421.
Alice Moore-Harell, “Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877- 1880”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 113-128.
Charles G. Nurse, “A Journey Through Part of Somali-Land, between Zeila and Bulhar”, Proceeding of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 657-663.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Habeş Eyaleti, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1996. Salih Özbaran, Umman’da Kapışan İmparatorluklar; Osmanlı ve Portekiz, Tarihçi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2013.
Richard Pankhurst, “Indian Trade with Ethiopia, the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries”, Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines, Vol. 14 Cahier 5, pp. 453-497.
H. G. Prout, “A Central African Railroad”, Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. 23, pp. 566- 574.
Agatha Ramm, “Great Britain and the Planting of Italian Power in the Red Sea 1868-1888”, The English Historical Review, vol. 59, No. 234, pp. 211-236.
E. G. Ravenstein, “Italian Explorations in the Upper Basin of the Jub”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 134-138.
Rawson W. Rawson, “European Territorial Claims on the coasts of the Red Sea and Its Southern Approaches, in 1885”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Soceity and Monthly of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 93-119. Robinson 1927
Arthur E. Robinson, “The Egyptian-Abyssinian War of 1874- 1876”, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 26, No. 103, Samatar vd. 1988
Abdi Samatar, Lance Salisbury ve Jonathan Bascom, “The Political Economy of Livestock Marketing in Northern Somalia”, African Economic History, No. 17, pp. 81-97.
Akalın, D. (2014). Somali’de Berbera Limanı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894). Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 29(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.69159
AMA
Akalın D. Somali’de Berbera Limanı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894). TID. Haziran 2014;29(1):1-35. doi:10.18513/egetid.69159
Chicago
Akalın, Durmuş. “Somali’de Berbera Limanı Ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894)”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 29, sy. 1 (Haziran 2014): 1-35. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.69159.
EndNote
Akalın D (01 Haziran 2014) Somali’de Berbera Limanı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894). Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 29 1 1–35.
IEEE
D. Akalın, “Somali’de Berbera Limanı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894)”, TID, c. 29, sy. 1, ss. 1–35, 2014, doi: 10.18513/egetid.69159.
ISNAD
Akalın, Durmuş. “Somali’de Berbera Limanı Ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894)”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 29/1 (Haziran 2014), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.69159.
JAMA
Akalın D. Somali’de Berbera Limanı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894). TID. 2014;29:1–35.
MLA
Akalın, Durmuş. “Somali’de Berbera Limanı Ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894)”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 1-35, doi:10.18513/egetid.69159.
Vancouver
Akalın D. Somali’de Berbera Limanı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Üzerindeki İddiaları(1839- 1894). TID. 2014;29(1):1-35.