WILL JAPAN BECOME A CHRISTIAN COUNTRY? REFLECTION OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR PROCESS IN THE JAPAN EVANGELIST, KIRISUTOKYŌ SEKAI (基督教世界), SHINJIN（新人）, RIKUGŌ ZASSHI（六合雑誌）MAGAZINES (1902-1909)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 523 - 556, 28.12.2023

Hülya Deveci

https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1362523

Cited By: 1

Öz

Christianity, which was banned in Japan for more than 250 years starting from 1639, spread again in the country in 1859 with the activities of Western Protestant missionaries. Missionaries, who were met with reactions and obstacles in the first years, expanded their activities in the country with the guarantee of freedom of belief in the Meiji Constitution in 1889. They appreciated Japan's rapid adaptation to Western civilization, starting with the Meiji Period, and discussed the possibility of Japan turning into a Christian nation. Especially during the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), it was seen that the expectation that Japan would fully accept Christianity was formed in the magazines published by Western missionaries. The reason of this; Making an alliance with a Protestant and overseas trading country like England was an indication that Japan was considered to be on an equal footing with Western countries. For this reason, Japan had to embrace Christianity in accordance with the status given to it. After the Russo-Japanese War, expectations arose that Asia would be Christianized by Japan. However, the increasing nationalism in the country after the victory against Russia shaped the country's policies around national interests. Will Japan become a Christian country? the question has been raised In the magazines published by missionaries, the relationship between nationalism and Christianity during the Russo-Japanese War was evaluated and the path and shape that Christianity would take in the country was discussed. Christian Japanese, on the other hand, established a connection between Christianity and Japan and reflected nationalist views in their magazines. In this article, the magazines The Japan Evangelist, Kirisutokyō Sekai (基督教世界), Shinjin（新人）, Rikugō Zasshi（六合雑誌）, published between 1902 and 1909, were examined and the outlines of the views and debates regarding Japan's orientation towards Christianity are revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Japanese Literature, Christianity, Nationalism, Russo-Japanese War, Missionary

“JAPONYA HRİSTİYAN BİR ÜLKE OLACAK MI?” TARTIŞMALARI: RUS-JAPON SAVAŞI SÜRECİNİN THE JAPAN EVANGELIST, KIRISUTOKYŌ SEKAI (基督教世界), SHINJIN（新人）, RIKUGŌ ZASSHI（六合雑誌）DERGİLERİNE YANSIMASI (1902-1909)

Öz

Japonya’da 1639’dan itibaren 250 yılı aşkın bir süre yasaklı olan Hristiyanlık, 1859’da başlayan Batılı Protestan misyonerlerinin faaliyetleriyle ülkede yeniden yayılmıştır. İlk yıllarda tepkilerle ve engellerle karşılanan misyonerler, 1889’da Meiji Anayasası’nda inanç özgürlüğünün garanti altına alınmasıyla ülkede faaliyetlerini genişletmişlerdir. Onlar Meiji Dönemi’yle başlayan Japonya’nın Batı medeniyetine hızlı uyumunu takdirle karşılaşmış ve Japonların Hristiyan bir ulusa dönüşmesinin imkânı üzerine tartışmışlardır. Özellikle İngiliz-Japon İttifakı (1902) ve Rus Japon Savaşı (1904-1905) sürecinde Batılı misyonerlerin yayımladığı dergilerde Japonya’nın bütünüyle Hristiyanlığı kabul edeceğine dair beklentinin oluştuğu görülmüştür. Bunun sebebi; İngiltere gibi Protestan ve deniz aşırı ticaret yapan bir ülke ile ittifak yapması, Japonya’nın Batılı ülkelerle eş değer değer seviyede kabul edildiğinin bir göstergesiydi. Bu nedenle Japonya’nın kendisine verilen statü gereği Hristiyanlığı benimsemeliydi. Rus-Japon Savaşı’ndan sonra ise Japonya eliyle, Asya’nın Hristiyanlaştırılacağına dair beklenti ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak Rusya karşısındaki galibiyetiyle ülkede artan milliyetçilik, ülke politikalarını ulusal çıkarlar etrafında şekillendirmişti. Böyle bir ortamda Japonya Hristiyan bir ülke olacak mı? sorusu gündeme gelmiştir. Misyonerler tarafından yayımlanan dergilerde Rus-Japon Savaşı sürecinde milliyetçilik ile Hristiyanlık ilişkisi değerlendirilmiş, ülkede Hristiyanlığın nasıl bir yol ve şekil alacağı tartışılmıştır. Hristiyan Japonlar ise Hristiyanlık ile Japonya arasında bağ kurarak milliyetçi görüşlerini dergilerine yansıtmışlardır. Bu makalede 1902-1909 yılları arasında yayımlanan The Japan Evangelist, Kirisutokyō Sekai (基督教世界-Hristiyanlık Dünyası), Shinjin（新人-Yeni İnsan）, Rikugō Zasshi（六合雑誌-Kozmos）dergileri incelenmiş ve Japonya’nın Hristiyanlığa yönelimiyle ilgili görüşlerin ve tartışmaların ana hatları ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Japon Edebiyatı, Hristiyanlık, Milliyetçilik, Rus-Japon Savaşı, Misyoner

Kaynakça

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