Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 59 - 75, 15.03.2015
Frederick Poole
Koyin Sung
Kaynakça
- Allen, J. R. (2008). Why learning to write Chinese is a waste of time: A modest proposal.
Foreign Language Annals, 41(2), 237-251. http://doi.org/dv8m5d
- Bi, Y., Han, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2009). Reading does not depend on writing, even in Chinese.
Neuropsychologia, 47(4), 1193-1199. http://doi.org/dp742w
- Chung, K. K. (2007). Presentation factors in the learning of Chinese characters: The order and
position of Hanyu pinyin and English translations. Educational Psychology, 27(1), 1-20.
http://doi.org/df28sg
- Dew, J. E. (1994). Back to basics: Let’s not lose sight of what’s really important. Journal of the
Chinese Language Teachers Association, 29(2), 31-46. Retrieved from http://journal.cltaus.org
- Everson, M. E. (1988). Speed and comprehension in reading Chinese: Romanization vs.
characters revisited. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 23(2), 1-15.
Retrieved from http://journal.clta-us.org
- Everson, M. E. (1998). Word recognition among learners of Chinese as a foreign language:
Investigating the relationship between naming and knowing. The Modern Language
Journal, 82(2), 194-204. Retrieved from http://www.mlajournals.org
- Everson, M. E. (2009) Literacy development in Chinese as a foreign language. In M. E.
Everson, & Y. Xiao. Teaching Chinese as a foreign language (pp. 97-111). Boston, MA:
Cheng & Tsui Company.
- Fan, K. Y., Gao, J. Y., & Ao, X. P. (1984). Pronunciation principles of the Chinese character
and alphabetic writing scripts. Chinese Character Reform, 3, 23-27.
- Feldman, L. B., & Siok, W. W. (1999). Semantic radicals in phonetic compounds: Implications
FoR visual character recognition in Chinese. In J. Wang, A. W. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds.),
Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 19-35). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
- Harrington, M., & Jiang, W. (2013). Focus on the Forms: Form recognition practice in Chinese
vocabulary learning. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 36(2), 132-145. Retrieved
from http://www.nla.gov.au/openpublish/index.php/aral/article/viewFile/3070/3612
- Hayes, E. B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of Chinese
Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72(2), 188-195. http://doi.org/bp8nm2
- Guan, C. Q., Liu, Y., Chan, D. H. L., Ye, F., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Writing strengthens
orthography and alphabetic-coding strengthens phonology in learning to read Chinese.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 509-522. http://doi.org/bnf9fr
74 Frederick Poole & Koyin Sung / Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 1 (2015) 59–75
- Lee, C. H., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Effectiveness of different pinyin presentation formats in
learning Chinese characters: A cognitive load perspective. Language Learning, 61(4), 1099-
1118. http://doi.org/brxx3g
- Liu, Y., Wang, M., & Perfetti, C. A. (2007). Threshold-style processing of Chinese characters
for adult second-language learners. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 471-480.
http://doi.org/bt4p64
- Packard, J. L. (1990). Effects of time lag in the introduction of characters into the Chinese
language curriculum. The Modern Language Journal, 74(2), 167-175.
http://doi.org/fnr5d2
- Perfetti, A. C., Ying, L. & Tan, L. H. (2005). The lexical constituency model: Some implications
of research on Chinese FoR general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 112(1), 43-59.
http://doi.org/c8m93v
- Shen, H. H., & Ke, C. (2007). Radical awareness and word acquisition among nonnative
learners of Chinese. The Modern Language Journal, 91(1), 97-111. http://doi.org/bkz2zf
- Tan, L. H., Spinks, J. A., Eden, G. F., Perfetti, C. A., & Siok, W. T. (2005). Reading depends on
writing, in Chinese. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 102(24), 8781-8785. http://doi.org/fjdt2s
- Tsai, C. H., Kuo, C. H., Horng, W. B., & Chen, C. W. (2012). Effects on learning logographic
character formation in computer-assisted Handwriting Instruction. Language Learning &
Technology, 16(1), 110-130. Retrieved from
http://llt.msu.edu/issues/february2012/tsaietal.pdf
- Tse, S. K., Marton, F., Ki, W. W., & Loh, E. K. Y. (2007). An integrative perceptual approach
for teaching Chinese characters. Instructional Science, 35(5), 375-406.
http://doi.org/d5bc7p
- Tso, R. V. Y., Au, T. K. F., & Hsiao, J. H. W. (2012). Writing facilitates learning to read in
Chinese through reduction of holistic processing: A developmental study. Journal of Vision,
12(9), 530-530. http://doi.org/xzh
- Xu, P., & Jen, T. (2004). Penless Chinese language learning: A computer-assisted approach.
Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 40(2), 25-42. Retrieved from
http://journal.clta-us.org/
- Wang, H., Chang, B. R., Li, Y. S., Lin, L. H., Liu, J., & Sun, Y. L. (1986). Xiandai hanyu pinlu
cidian [Dictionary of the frequency of vocabulary in modern Chinese].
- Wang, J., & Leland, C. H. (2011). Beginning students’ perceptions of effective activities for
Chinese character recognition. Reading in a Foreign Language, 23(2), 208-224. Retrieved
from http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/October2011/articles/wang.pdf
- Ye, L. (2011). Teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language in the United States: To
delay or not to delay the character introduction. Applied Linguistics and English as a
Second Language Dissertations. Paper 21. Retrieved from
http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/alesl_diss/21
- Ye, L. (2013). Shall we delay teaching characters in teaching Chinese as a foreign language?
Foreign Language Annals, 46(4), 610-627. http://doi.org/xzj
Frederick Poole & Koyin Sung / Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 1 (2015) 59–75 75
- Yu, H., Gong, L., Qiu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2011). Seeing Chinese characters in action: An fMRI
study of the perception of writing sequences. Brain and Language, 119(2), 60-67.
http://doi.org/cjnbpv
Three approaches to beginning Chinese instruction and their effects on oral development and character recognition
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 59 - 75, 15.03.2015
Frederick Poole
Koyin Sung
Öz
Developing Chinese character knowledge is often labor intensive and time consuming. Therefore, there is
often an imbalance between character instruction and training in other language skills due to how much
instructional time is occupied by learning characters. A few teaching approaches are frequently used in
the classroom to accommodate this problem. This pilot study intended to compare these approaches in an
experimental setting to investigate the effectiveness of them on learners’ oral and character recognition
performances. This study involved nine first-year learners of Chinese at a university in the United
States. Data collection of this study included the results of character quizzes and oral assessment. The
participants and their teachers were also given a survey regarding their perceptions towards each of the
instructional approaches. The findings illustrated that some of the instructional approaches helped
develop the participants’ oral skills more rapidly than the rest, while some approaches were more
effective in aiding the development of character recognition.
Kaynakça
- Allen, J. R. (2008). Why learning to write Chinese is a waste of time: A modest proposal.
Foreign Language Annals, 41(2), 237-251. http://doi.org/dv8m5d
- Bi, Y., Han, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2009). Reading does not depend on writing, even in Chinese.
Neuropsychologia, 47(4), 1193-1199. http://doi.org/dp742w
- Chung, K. K. (2007). Presentation factors in the learning of Chinese characters: The order and
position of Hanyu pinyin and English translations. Educational Psychology, 27(1), 1-20.
http://doi.org/df28sg
- Dew, J. E. (1994). Back to basics: Let’s not lose sight of what’s really important. Journal of the
Chinese Language Teachers Association, 29(2), 31-46. Retrieved from http://journal.cltaus.org
- Everson, M. E. (1988). Speed and comprehension in reading Chinese: Romanization vs.
characters revisited. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 23(2), 1-15.
Retrieved from http://journal.clta-us.org
- Everson, M. E. (1998). Word recognition among learners of Chinese as a foreign language:
Investigating the relationship between naming and knowing. The Modern Language
Journal, 82(2), 194-204. Retrieved from http://www.mlajournals.org
- Everson, M. E. (2009) Literacy development in Chinese as a foreign language. In M. E.
Everson, & Y. Xiao. Teaching Chinese as a foreign language (pp. 97-111). Boston, MA:
Cheng & Tsui Company.
- Fan, K. Y., Gao, J. Y., & Ao, X. P. (1984). Pronunciation principles of the Chinese character
and alphabetic writing scripts. Chinese Character Reform, 3, 23-27.
- Feldman, L. B., & Siok, W. W. (1999). Semantic radicals in phonetic compounds: Implications
FoR visual character recognition in Chinese. In J. Wang, A. W. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds.),
Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 19-35). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
- Harrington, M., & Jiang, W. (2013). Focus on the Forms: Form recognition practice in Chinese
vocabulary learning. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 36(2), 132-145. Retrieved
from http://www.nla.gov.au/openpublish/index.php/aral/article/viewFile/3070/3612
- Hayes, E. B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of Chinese
Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72(2), 188-195. http://doi.org/bp8nm2
- Guan, C. Q., Liu, Y., Chan, D. H. L., Ye, F., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Writing strengthens
orthography and alphabetic-coding strengthens phonology in learning to read Chinese.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 509-522. http://doi.org/bnf9fr
74 Frederick Poole & Koyin Sung / Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 1 (2015) 59–75
- Lee, C. H., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Effectiveness of different pinyin presentation formats in
learning Chinese characters: A cognitive load perspective. Language Learning, 61(4), 1099-
1118. http://doi.org/brxx3g
- Liu, Y., Wang, M., & Perfetti, C. A. (2007). Threshold-style processing of Chinese characters
for adult second-language learners. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 471-480.
http://doi.org/bt4p64
- Packard, J. L. (1990). Effects of time lag in the introduction of characters into the Chinese
language curriculum. The Modern Language Journal, 74(2), 167-175.
http://doi.org/fnr5d2
- Perfetti, A. C., Ying, L. & Tan, L. H. (2005). The lexical constituency model: Some implications
of research on Chinese FoR general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 112(1), 43-59.
http://doi.org/c8m93v
- Shen, H. H., & Ke, C. (2007). Radical awareness and word acquisition among nonnative
learners of Chinese. The Modern Language Journal, 91(1), 97-111. http://doi.org/bkz2zf
- Tan, L. H., Spinks, J. A., Eden, G. F., Perfetti, C. A., & Siok, W. T. (2005). Reading depends on
writing, in Chinese. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 102(24), 8781-8785. http://doi.org/fjdt2s
- Tsai, C. H., Kuo, C. H., Horng, W. B., & Chen, C. W. (2012). Effects on learning logographic
character formation in computer-assisted Handwriting Instruction. Language Learning &
Technology, 16(1), 110-130. Retrieved from
http://llt.msu.edu/issues/february2012/tsaietal.pdf
- Tse, S. K., Marton, F., Ki, W. W., & Loh, E. K. Y. (2007). An integrative perceptual approach
for teaching Chinese characters. Instructional Science, 35(5), 375-406.
http://doi.org/d5bc7p
- Tso, R. V. Y., Au, T. K. F., & Hsiao, J. H. W. (2012). Writing facilitates learning to read in
Chinese through reduction of holistic processing: A developmental study. Journal of Vision,
12(9), 530-530. http://doi.org/xzh
- Xu, P., & Jen, T. (2004). Penless Chinese language learning: A computer-assisted approach.
Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 40(2), 25-42. Retrieved from
http://journal.clta-us.org/
- Wang, H., Chang, B. R., Li, Y. S., Lin, L. H., Liu, J., & Sun, Y. L. (1986). Xiandai hanyu pinlu
cidian [Dictionary of the frequency of vocabulary in modern Chinese].
- Wang, J., & Leland, C. H. (2011). Beginning students’ perceptions of effective activities for
Chinese character recognition. Reading in a Foreign Language, 23(2), 208-224. Retrieved
from http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/October2011/articles/wang.pdf
- Ye, L. (2011). Teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language in the United States: To
delay or not to delay the character introduction. Applied Linguistics and English as a
Second Language Dissertations. Paper 21. Retrieved from
http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/alesl_diss/21
- Ye, L. (2013). Shall we delay teaching characters in teaching Chinese as a foreign language?
Foreign Language Annals, 46(4), 610-627. http://doi.org/xzj
Frederick Poole & Koyin Sung / Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 1 (2015) 59–75 75
- Yu, H., Gong, L., Qiu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2011). Seeing Chinese characters in action: An fMRI
study of the perception of writing sequences. Brain and Language, 119(2), 60-67.
http://doi.org/cjnbpv