Opinions on the Academic Archaeological Structure concerning the Vital Importance of Water throughout Antiquity

Abstract

There is a close connection between water and civilizations. All the archaic civilizations which played a key role in the history of humankind ever since the Bronze Age, were indeed founded along the great aquatic sources, notably, Egyptian Civilization, along the Nile River, Mesopotamian, along the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers, Indian along the Indus and Ganges Rivers, as for the Chinese along the Yellow River. Minoan Civilization is primarily, a maritime civilization. Anatolia is a great “water land”. Each of the Ancient Anatolian Civilizations dating from the Bronze and Iron Ages had owed their ability to survive to the rivers, the brooks, the creeks, the springs along which they were founded. Such a circumstance has arguably its most idyllic echo in The Iliad even though it is an epic. Besides, Anatolia is a peninsula. Most of the ancient city states were first of all harbors which are nowadays landlocked by alluvial silt that the rivers brought forth. The fact that concerns water and civilization does not seem to have acquired the value it deserves at the archaeology departments of universities. Notwithstanding, archaeological studies are permanently subjected to transformation with the new possibilities offered by science and technology. Establishment of new academic subordinate branches in the discipline of Underwater Archaeology such as Marine Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, River Archaeology, Harbour Archaeology and Nautical Archaeology could be mentioned as the new achievements in this domain that would enable us to overcome contemporary difficulties. Such an academic structuring may be worthwhile in clarifying the issues upon which neither Ancient History nor Literature could have shed light to date.

Keywords

• Antiquity,Water,Archaeology,Academic Structure

Kaynakça

1. EURIPIDE, Iphigénie à Aulis, Théâtre complet I, traduction, notices et notes par H. BERGUIN et G. DUCLOS, Garnier Flammarion, Paris, 1965.
2. HESIODOS, Theogonia & İşler ve Günler, Hasan Ali Yücel Klasikler Dizisi, çevirenler AZRA ERHAT ile SABAHATTIN EYÜBOĞLU, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınlar, İstanbul, 2016.
3. HOMÈRE, L’Iliade, introduction, traduction et notes par E. LASERRE, Garnier Flammarion, Paris, 1965a.
4. HOMÈRE, L’Odyssée, introduction, traduction, notes et index par M. DUFOUR et J. RAISON, Garnier Flammarion, Paris, 1965b.
5. VERGILIUS, Aeneis, Bütün Eserleri-II, çeviren TÜRKÂN UZEL, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara, 1998.
6. VITRIVIUS, Mimarlık Üzerine On Kitap, Mimarlığın uluslararası kaynakları I, çeviren SUNA GÜVEN, Şevki Vanlı Mimarlık Vakfı, 2013.
7. Books
8. J. BLACK-A. GEORGE–N. POSTGATE, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, with the assistance of T. BRECKWOLDT, G.

9. CUNNINGHAM, M.-C. LUDWIG, C. REICHEL, J. B. SMITH, J. TANIGUCHI and C. WUNSCHE, Arbeiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunden herausgegeben von K. HECKER und W. SOMMERFELD, Santag Band 5, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2000.
10. U. ECO, Come si fa una tesi di laurea, Le materie umanistiche, Edizioni Tascabili Bompiani, Milano, 2001.
11. S. GÜNDÜZ, Antik Limanlar Işığında Myndos Limanı ve Liman Yapıları, Unpublished Master Thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, 2008.
12. S. H. HOOK, Ortadoğu Mitolojisi, Mezopotamya, Mısır, Filistin, Hitit, Musevi ve Hıristiyan Mitosları, çeviren ALÂEDDİN ŞENEL, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.
13. S. N. KRAMER, Tarih Sümer’de Başlar, Yazılı Tarihteki Otuzdokuz İlk, çeviren HAMİDE KOYUKAN, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1999.
14. H. ÖNİZ, Temel Sualtı Arkeolojisi, A. TIRPAN sunuşu ve notlarıyla, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
15. M. ÖZAKTÜRK, Roma Yazınının Sürgün Ozanları (Naevius ve Ovidius), T. C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları / 2242, Yayımlar Dairesi Başkanlığı, Dünya Edebiyatı Eserleri Dizisi / 22, Ankara, 1999.
16. J. J. POLLITT, Art in the Hellenistic Age, Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1986.
17. United Nations Treatises and Principles on Outer Space, Text of treaties and principles governing the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, United Nations, New York, 2002.
18. E. ZANGGER, The Luwian Civilization, The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
19. Chapter in a collective work
20. “Yenikapı” in İstanbul, 8000 Years Brought to Daylight, Vehbi Koç Foundation, İstanbul, 2007, p. 164-305.
21. J.-Y. EMPEREUR – N. GRIMAL, “Les fouilles sous-marines du phare d’Alexandrie”, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 141e année, n° 3, 1997, p. 693-713.
22. A. RABAN, “The Thera Ships : Another Interpretation”, AJA, vol. 88, n° 1, January 1984, p. 11-19. Press journal
23. U. KOCABAŞ, “Le port de Théodose et les 37 épaves de Yenikapı à İstanbul”, Dossiers Archéologie, n° 364, Ports et navires dans l’Antiquité et à l’époque byzantine, Juillet-Août, 2014, p. 78-85.
24. S. MARLIER, “La batellerie fluviale gallo-romaine, Le chaland Arles-Rhône 3”, Dossiers Archéologie, n° 364, Ports et navires dans l’Antiquité et à l’époque byzantine, Juillet-Août, 2014, p. 66-71. Presentation at national and international symposia
25. B. ARI, “The Ottoman Empire’s Rule in the Mediterranean and the Role of Kitab-i Bahriye, the panel before the opening ceremony of the exhibition entitled Masters of Maps : Piri Reis and Mercator, Solvay Library, Brussels, June 26, 2013.
26. H. ERKANAL, “Liman Tepe Kazıları ve Sualtı Araştırmaları”, Arkeoloji ve Tarih Söyleşileri-10, İzmir Akdeniz Akademisi, İzmir Gençlik Tiyatrosu, İzmir, 20 Aralık 2014. O. ERKURT, “Deniz Arkeolojisi üzerine deneysel projeler”, Tarih ve Kültür Söyleşileri-2, İzmir Akdeniz Akademisi, 2. Tekne, Yat ve Denizcilik Fuarı, Ismet Inönü Sanat Merkezi, İzmir, 10 Mayıs 2014.
27. O. ERKURT, “Deniz Arkeolojisi ve İmitasyon Müzeler”, “Deniz, Kurgu ve Müze” Konferansı, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Müzecilik Bölümü, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Denizcilik Fakültesi, Çakabey Konferans Salonu, İzmir, 4 Mayıs 2016.
28. M. KALPAKLI, “Ottoman Culture in the Age of Piri Reis”, the panel before the opening ceremony of the exhibition entitled Masters of Maps : Piri Reis and Mercator, Solvay Library, Brussels, June 26, 2013.
29. C. PULAK, “Yenikapı”, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Kütüphanesi, İstanbul, Mayıs, 2006. “Chaland Romain”, exposition permanente, Musée départemental d’Arles antique depuis 4 octobre 2013.
30. “Du Nil à Alexandrie, Histoires d’eaux”, exposition temporaire au Musée Royal de Mariemont, du 20 avril au 29 septembre 2013.
31. “La Victoire de Samothrace, Redécouvrir un chef- d’oeuvre”, Communiqué de presse, exposition dossier, Musée du Louvre, 5 mars-15 juin 2015.
32. Electronical sources 360° Tarih Araştırmaları Derneği, www.360derece.info
33. J. CAMERON, S. QUALE, Aliens of the deep, Documentary, 2005.
34. D. COSTELLE – J.-M. LEBLON, Histoire de la marine, Coffret de 3 DVD, 1979.
35. Institute of Nautical Archaeology, www.nauticalarch.org
36. Liman Tepe Kazı Alanı, http://www.mekan360.com/360fx_limantepekazialani-izmir-urla.html
37. Louvre Museum, Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquites, Victory of Samothrace, www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/winged- victory-samothrace
38. The Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, www.kulturgov.tr/EN,120300/the-bodrum-museum-of-underwater-archaeology-html
39. Unpublished field trip notes
40. Ancient Caria, guided tours by Nezih Aytaçlar, Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Ege University, 2016.
41. Lighthouses around Izmir, guided tour by Ahmet Uhri, Assistant Professor, Department of Protohistory, Dokuz Eylül University, May, 29, 2016.