Wood anatomy of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) grown naturally in Turkey

Öz

Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is the least grown pine species in Turkey with two small forests. A total of 18 wood samples, 6 samples from the northern slope and 6 from southern slope of Sırtlandağı in Milas-Muğla and 6 samples in Yumurtalık (Adana) were collected. Tracheid and ray dimensions were measured on the photos of the thin wood sections. As result, diameters of the earlywood tracheids in Aleppo pine are similar in both Adana and Muğla, while diameters of latewoods are wider in especially on north aspect of the site in Muğla than Adana. The reason for this difference may probably be that the annual precipitation in Muğla is two times higher than that in Adana. Supporting the effect of lower precipitation in Adana, tracheid lengths are longer, tracheid frequency are higher in Adana for a safety water transportation. All comparisons with the woods from Spain and Greece may be evaluated that the growing site conditions in Turkey are more favorable for the species and may be used in plantations. Furthermore, wood features in both Turkish and Aleppo pine species are very similar and their separation is almost impossible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aleppo pine
• wood elements
• Mediterranean climate zone
• ecological wood anatomy

Kaynakça

1. Akkemik, Ü., Yaman, B. (2012). Wood anatomy of eastern mediterranean species. Kessel Publishing House, Germany. ISBN: 978-3-941300-59-0.
2. Akkemik, Ü. (ed.) (2014). Türkiye’nin doğal-egzotik ağaç ve çalıları I. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, ISBN:978-605-4610-48-8.
3. As, N., Koç, H., Doğu, D., Atik, C. (2002). Türkiye’de yetişen endüstriyel öneme sahip ağaçların anatomik, fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri. İÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, B 51(1), 71-88.
4. Ay, N. (1993). Internal morphological properties of Pinus brutia Ten. woods of Alanya. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Pinus brutia Ten. 18-23 October 1993. Pp. 662-669.
5. Attolini, M.R., Calvani, F., Galli, M., Nanni, T., Ruggiero, L., Schaer, E., Zuanni, F. (1990). The relationship between climatic vairables and wood structure in Pinus halepensis Mill. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 41, 121-127.
6. Biricik, Y., Akkemik, Ü. (2017). A mechanized technic to take wood samples from living trees. Turkish Journal of Forestry Research, 4(2), 152.
7. Borghetti, M., Cinnirella, S., Magnani, F. (1998). Impact of long-term drought on xylem embolism and growth in Pinus halepensis Mill. Trees 12, 187-195.
8. Bozkurt, Y., Erdin, N. (1997). Ağaç Teknolojisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, ISBN:975-404-449-X.

9. Bozkurt, A.Y., Göker, Y., Erdin, N., As, N. (1993). Anatomical and technological properties of Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) grown in Datça, Turkey. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Pinus brutia Ten. 18-23 October 1993. pp: 628-635.
10. Coode, M.J.E., Cullen, J. (1965). Pinus L., in: Davis P.H. (ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. 72-75.
11. Erten, A. P., Sözen, M. R. (1997). Halep çamı (Pinus halepensis Mill.) odununun fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. İç Anadolu Ormaneılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Teknik Bülten Serisi 268, Ankara.
12. Esteban, L.G., Martin, J.A., Palacios, P., Fernandez, F.G., Lopez, R. (2010). Adaptive anatomy of Pinus halepensis trees from different Mediterranean environments in Spain. Trees 24, 19-30.
13. Foti, D., Passialis, C., Voulgaridis, E., Skaltsoyiannes, A., Tsaktsira, M. (2018). Wood density and tracheid length of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) grafts in relation to cambium age and growth rate. Journal of Forest Science 64(3), 101-107.
14. Gartner, H., Schweingruber, F.H. (2013). Microscopic preparation techniques for plant stem analysis. Kessel Publishing House, Germany. ISBN: 978-3-941300-76-7.
15. IAWA Committee (2004). IAWA List of microscopic features for softwood identification. Richter H.G., Grosser D., Heinz I., Gasson P.E. (eds.). IAWA Journal 25 (1), The Netherlands, 1-70.
16. Luis, M., Gricar, J., Cufar, K., Raventos, J. (2007). Seasonal dynamics of wood formation in Pinus halepensis from dry and semi-arid ecosystems in Spain. IAWA Journal, 28(4), 389-404.
17. Luis, M., Novak, K., Raventos, J., Gricar, J., Prislan, P., Cufar, K. (2011a). Climate factors promoting intra-annual density fluctuations in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) from semiarid sites. Dendrochronologia 29, 163-169.
18. Luis, M., Novak, K., Raventos, J., Gricar, J., Prislan, P., Cufar, K. (2011b). Cambial activity, wood formation and sapling survival of Pinus halepensis exposed to different irrigation regimes. Forest Ecology and Management 262, 1630-1638.
19. MGM, 2020. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler- istatistik.
20. Novak, K., Luis, M., Raventos, J., Cufar, K. (2013). Climatic signals in tree-ring widths and wood structure of Pinus halepensis in contrasted environmental conditions. Trees, 27(4), 927-936.
21. OGM (2013). Orman Atlası. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, 116.
22. Olivar, J., Bogino, S., Spiecker, H., Bravo, F. (2012). Climate impact on growth dynamic and intra-annual density fluctuations in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) trees of different crown classes. Dendrochronologia 30, 35-47.
23. Pacheco, A., J. Camarero, J., Carrer, M. (2015). Linking wood anatomy and xylogenesis allows pinpointing of climate and drought influences on growth of coexisting conifers in continental Mediterranean climate. Tree Physiology 36, 502-512.
24. Pasho, E., Camarero, J.J., Vicente-Serrano, S.M. (2012). Climatic impacts and drought control of radial growth and seasonal wood formation in Pinus halepensis. Trees 26, 1875-1886.
25. Sanchez-Salguero, R., Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M., Camarero, J.J., Fernandez-Cancio, A. (2010). Drought-induced growth decline of Aleppo and maritime pine forests in south-eastern Spain. Forest Systems, 19(3), 458-469.
26. Schweingruber, F.H. (1988). Anatomy of European Woods. Paul Haubt. Switzerland.
27. Sharma, N.S. (2005). Molecular cell biology. International Scientific Publishing Academy, New Delhi, India.