Distribution of Betula pendula during Late Quaternary to the present and characteristics of its lowest growing area in Turkey

Yıl 2017, , 1 - 18, 26.10.2017

Ünal Akkemik , Besim Sertok Ferdi Akarsu

https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.351279

Öz

Betula pendula L. is one of the forest trees having local distribution areas in Turkey. When it had a wide distribution area during Late Glacial time of Turkey, its distribution decreased at the end of Late Quaternary. The purpose of the paper is to discuss its past and present distribution in Turkey, climate features in growing areas by focusing on the lowest distribution area in Turkey. This species has local distribution areas in mainly East Anatolian Region of Turkey together with Kayseri-Erciyas Mountain. When its known distribution area ranges 1300-2850 m in Turkey, we focused on the lowest distribution areas in Munzur Valley 1333-1206 m a.s.l. The species grows with riparian trees (such as Salix caprea, S.alba, Alnus glutinosa etc.) on valley bottom having high level of ground water like wetland forest. In Marho Bridge and Joining Point of Mercan River, distribution of Tamarix gracilis ends and birch trees start to grow. In this altitude it is represented with small stands and individuals on the river banks. The area has bottom land with high level of ground water table and deep alluvial soil, and semi-dry climate. The reason of its presence here may be these optimum soil and water conditions. After flat bottom land, the distribution of the species stops suddenly. For that reason this unique and special ecosystem should be protected as a whole.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Betula pendula, silver birch, distribution, , Munzur valley

Kaynakça

• Armağan, M., (2016). Gypsophila munzurensis (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from Tunceli (Turkey). Phytotaxa 275(2):175-180
• Avcı, M., (2004). İç Anadolu Bölgesi Ormanlarının Son Sığınakları Karacadağ ve Karadağ Volkanlarının Bitki Örtüsü. Çantay Kitabevi. İstanbul
• Bottema, S., (1986). A late Quaternary pollen diagram from Lake Urmia (north-western Iran). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 47: 241-261.
• Bottema, S., (1990). Notes on the history of the genus Betula in Turkey during the Late Quaternary. Ecologia Mediterranea. V.16, pp. 145- 150.
• Bottema, S., Woldring, H., (1984 (1986). Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of southwestern Turkey, Part II. Palaeohistoria 26: 123-149
• Browicz, K., (1982). Betula L. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 7, ed. PH. Davis, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 689
• Browicz, K., Zielinski, J., (1982). Chorology of Trees and Shrubs in South-West Asia and Adjacent Regions, vol. 1. -Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, PoznaM.
• Davis, P.H., (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. V.1-10. Edinburgh University Press.
• Davis, P.H., Miller R.R., Tan K., (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, 10. Edinburgh Univ. Press. Edinburgh
• DMİ, (1972). Türkiye İklim Tasnifi (De Martonne Metoduna Göre). Ankara
• Dönmez, Y., (1984). Umumi Klimatoloji ve İklim Çalışmaları İ.T.Ü. Yayın No: 2506, Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayın No: 102
• Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., Başer, K.H.C. (eds.) (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. V.11. Edinburgh University Press.
• Karavelioğulları, F.A., Yüce, E., Başer, B., (2014). Verbascum duzgunbabadagensis (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa 181 (1): 047–053
• Mayer, H., Aksoy, H., (1998). Türkiye Ormanları (Walder der Türkei), (Çeviri: H. Aksoy-G. Özalp). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Orman Bakanlığı, Batı Karadeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Bolu
• Özhatay, N., Byfield, A., Atay, S., (2005). Türkiye’nin Önemli Bitki Alanları. Mas Matbaacılık, İstanbul.
• Peşmen, H., (1973). A Study on the Flora of Nemrut Dagi (Bitlis). Proc. 1st. Symp. Abies equi-trojani and Turkish Flora: 271-287
• Vitek, E., Yüce, E., Ergin, C., (2014). Gundelia dersim and Gundelia munzuriensis (Compositae), two new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 161(2): 130–138
• Yaltırık, F., (1988). Dendroloji Ders Kitabı, Angiospermae (Kapalı Tohumlular), İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul
• Yıldırımlı, Ş., (1996). Flora of Munzur Dağları (Erzincan-Tunceli). Ot Sist. Bot. Dergisi 2 (1): 1-78
• Yüce Babacan, E., Eker, İ., (2017). Munzur Vadisi (Tunceli) ve yakın çevresinin geofit florası. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 4(1): 31-49
• Zeist. W. Van., Timmers, R.W., Bottema, S., (1968 (1970). Studies of modern and Holocene pollen precipitation in southeastern Turkey. Palaeohistoria 14: 19-39.