Changes in physical and hydraulic properties of a clay soil due to the irrigation of tomatoes with recycled wastewater

Abstract

In this study physical (bulk density, particle density, porosity, wet aggregate stability) and hydraulic properties (field capacity, wilting point, available water content, infiltration) of the soil did not change significantly under different irrigation practices. However, the porosity, available water content, and infiltration improved partly under partial root-zone drying practice with 50% water shortage. Wet aggregate stability in surface soil increased significantly with wastewater treatment. Wastewater reduced the stable infiltration rate significantly as well. Although the physical and hydraulic properties improved when compared with the pre-planting values, the wastewater treatment could not provide sustainable important effects in a short-time period. 

Keywords

• Municipal wastewater,Soil properties,Irrigation practices

Kaynakça

1. Abedi-Koupai, J., Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., Afyuni, M., Bagheri, M.R. (2006). Effect of treated wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties in an arid region. Plant Soil Environ. 52, 335-344.
2. Adhikari, P., Shukla, M.K., Mexal, J.G. (2012). Spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and sodium content of desert soils: implications for management of irrigation using treated wastewater. Trans. ASABE. 55, 1711-1721.Aiello, R., Cirelli, G.L., Consoli, S. (2007). Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on soil and tomato fruits: A case study in Sicily (Italy). Agric. Water Manage. 93, 65-72.
3. Al-Omron A.M.,, El-Maghraby, S.E., Nadeem, M.E.A., El-Eter, A.M., Al-Mohani, H. (2012). Long term effect of irrigation with the treated sewage effluent on some soil properties of Al-Hassa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. J. Saudi Soc. Agr. Sci. 11, 15-18.Al-Othman, A.A. (2009). Effect of treated domestic wastewater on physical and chemical characteristics of soils. J. App. Sci. 9, 901-908.
4. Alrajhi, A., Beecham, S., Bolan, N.S., Hassanli, A. (2015). Evaluation of soil chemical properties irrigated with recycled wastewater under partial root-zone drying irrigation for sustainable tomato production. Agric. Water Manage. 161, 127-135.
5. Alrajhi, A., Beecham, S., Hassanli, A. (2017). Effects of partial root-zone drying irrigation and water quality on soil physical and chemical properties. Agric. Water Manage. 182, 117-125.APHA, (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, in: Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E. (Eds.), 19th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
6. Aragüés, R., Medina, E.T., Clavería, I., Martínez-Cob, A., Faci, J. (2014a). Regulated deficit irrigation, soil salinization and soil sodification in a table grape vineyard drip-irrigated with moderately saline waters. Agric. Water Manage. 134, 84-93.
7. Aragüés, R.,Medina, E.T., Martínez-Cob, A., Faci, J. (2014b). Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on soil salinization and sodification in a semiarid drip-irrigated peach orchard. Agric. Water Manage. 142, 1-9.
8. Areola, O., Dikinya, O., Mosime, L. (2011). Comparative effects of secondary treated waste water irrigation on soil quality parameters under different crop types. African J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. 5, 41-55.

9. Assouline, S., Narkis K. (2011). Effects of long-term irrigation with treated wastewater on the hydraulic properties of a clayey soil. Water Res. Res. 47, W08530.
10. Assouline, S., Narkis, K., Gherabli, R., Sposito, G. (2016). Combined effect of sodicity and organic matter on soil properties under long-term irrigation with treated wastewater. Vadose Zone J. 15(4).
11. Ayers, R.S., Westcot. D.W. (1985). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rome.
12. Bedbabis, S., Rouina, B.B., Boukhris, M., Ferrara, G. (2014). Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil chemical properties and infiltration rate. J. Environ. Manag. 133, 45-50.
13. Beigi, H.H., Banitalebi, G. (2013). The effect of long-term application of municipal wastewater on soil physical quality indices: a case study in the Taqanak farms, Shahrekord. J. Water Soil (Agr.Sci. Technol.) 27, 1046-1056.Biswas, S.K., Mojid, M.A., Wyseure, G.C.L. (2017). Physicochemical properties of soil under wheat cultivation by irrigation with municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 48,1-10.
14. Black, C.A. (1965). Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
15. Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H. (1986a). Bulk density,.in: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 363-375.
16. Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H. (1986b). Particle density, in: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 377-381.
17. Bodner, G., Scholl, P., Kaul, H.P. (2013). Field quantification of wetting–drying cycles to predict temporal changes of soil pore size distribution. Soil Tillage Res. 133, 1-9.
18. Bronick, C.J., Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma. 124, 3-22.
19. Cassel, D.K., Nielsen, D.R. (1986). Fields capacity and available water capacity, in: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 901-926.
20. Castro, E., Mañas, M.P., Heras, J.D.L. (2011). Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and turfgrass growth. Water Sci. Technol. 63.8, 1678-1688.
21. Coppola, A., Santini, A., Botti, P.,Vacca, S., Comegna, V., Severino, G. (2004). Methodological approach for evaluating the response of soil hydrological behavior to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater. J. Hydrol. 292, 114-134.Corcoran, E., Nellemann, C., Baker, E., Bos, R., Osborn, D., Savelli, H. (2010). Sick Water? The Central Role of Wastewater Management in Sustainable Development. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal, Norway.
22. Danielson, R.E., Sutherland, P.L. (1986). Porosity, in: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 443-460.
23. Darvishi, H.H. (2014). Field capacity changes by irrigation with domestic wastewater. J. Biodiver. Environ. Sci. 5, 13-17.
24. Disciglio, G., Gatta, G., Libutti, A., Gagliardi, A., Carlucci, A., Lops, F., Cibelli, F., Tarantino, A. (2015). Effects of irrigation with treated agro-industrial wastewater on soil chemical characteristics and fungal populations during processing tomato crop cycle. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 15, 765-780.
25. Durán–Álvarez, J.C., Jiménez–Cisneros, B. (2014). Beneficial and negative impacts on soil by the reuse of treated/untreated municipal wastewater for agricultural irrigation – a review of the current knowledge and future perspectives, in: Hernandez-Soriano, M.C. (ed.), Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination. InTech, pp. 137-197.
26. Eltan, E. (1998). Drinking and Irrigation Water Analysis Methods. General Directorate of Rural Services Publication No.19, Ankara. (Turkish)
27. EPA, (2001). EPA Method 1687. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Water and Biosolids by Automated Colorimetry with Preliminary Distillation/Digestion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Office of Science and Technology Engineering and Analysis Division, Washington, D.C.
28. Eroglu, S., Sahin, U., Tunc, T., Sahin, F. (2012). Bacterial application increased the flow rate of CaCO3-clogged emitters of drip irrigation system. J. Environ. Manag. 98, 37-42.ETWWA, (2010). Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture: An Emerging Priority. Energy Transport and Water Department Water Anchor (ETWWA), The World Bank.
29. García-Orenes, F., Mataix-Solera, C.G.J., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Gómez, I., Mataix-Beneyto, J. (2005). Factors controlling the aggregate stability and bulk density in two different degraded soils amended with biosolids. Soil Tillage Res. 82, 65-76.
30. Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis, in: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 383-411.
31. Gharaibeh, M.A., Eltaif, N.I., Al-Abdullah, B. (2007). Impact of field application of treated wastewater on hydraulic properties of vertisols. Water Air Soil Pollut. 184, 347-353.
32. Gonçalves, R.A.B., Gloaguen, T.V., Folegatti, M.V., Libardi, P.L., Lucas, Y., Montes, C.R. (2010). Pore size distribution in soils irrigated with sodic water and wastewater. R. Bras. Ci. Solo. 34, 701-707.
33. Gould, I.J., Quinton, J.N., Weigelt, A., De Deyn, G.B., Bardgett, R.D. (2016). Plant diversity and root traits benefit physical properties key to soil function in grasslands. Ecol. Letters. 19, 1140-1149.
34. Gransee, A., Führs, H. (2013). Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant Soil. 368, 5-21.
35. Gupta, U.C. (2007). Boron, in: Barker, A.V., Pilbeam, D.J. (Eds.), Handbook of Plant Nutrition. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, pp.241-277.
36. Haghnazari, F., Shahgholi, H., Feizi, M. (2015). Factors affecting the infiltration of agricultural soils: review. Int. J. Agron. Agr. Res. 6, 21-35.Huntington, T.G. (2005). Available water capacity and soil organic matter, in: Lal. R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 2nd ed. CRC Press, pp. 139-143.
37. Hussain I., Raschid, L., Hanjra, M.A., Marikar, F., van der Hoek, W. (2002). Wastewater use in agriculture: Review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts. Working Paper 37. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.
38. Ismail, S.M., Ozawa, K., Khondaker, N.A. (2007). Effect of irrigation frequency and timing on tomato yield, soil water dynamics and water use efficiency under drip irrigation. Eleventh International Water Technology Conference, IWTC11 2007 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, 69-84.
39. Kacar, B. (2009). Soil Analysis, 2nrd edn. Nobel Academic Publishing, Ankara, Turkey. (In Turkish)
40. Kallel., M., Belaid, N., Ayoub, T., Ayadi, A., and Ksibi, M. (2012). Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil salinity and sodicity at El Hajeb region (Sfax-Tunisia). J. Arid Land Stud. 22, 65-68.
41. Kanber, R., Ünlü, M. (2010). Water and Soil Salinity in Agriculture. Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty Publication No. 281, Adana. (In Turkish)Karadede, H., Ünlü, E. (2000). Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, sediment and fish species from the Atatürk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey. Chemosphere. 41, 1371-1376.
42. Kemper, W.D., Rosenau, R.C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution, in: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 425-442.
43. Khan, A., Javid, S., Muhmood, A., Mjeed, T., Niaz, A., Majeed, A. (2013). Heavy metal status of soil and vegetables grown on peri-urban area of Lahore district. Soil Environ. 32, 49-54.Khaskhoussy, K., Kahlaoui, B., Nefzi, B.M., Jozdan, O., Dakheel, A., Hachicha, M. (2015). Effect of treated wastewater irrigation on heavy metals distribution in a Tunisian soil. Eng. Tech.Appl. Sci. Res. 5, 805-810.
44. Khurana, M.P.S., Singh, P. (2012). Waste water use in crop production: a review. Resour. Environ. 2, 116-131.
45. Kiziloglu, F.M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapali, O., Okuroglu, M. (2007). Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage‐plant (brassica olerecea var. capitate cv. yalova‐1) chemical properties. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 170, 166-172.
46. Kiziloglu, F.M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Kuslu, Y., Dursun, A. (2008). Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey. Agric. Water Manage. 95, 716-724.
47. Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., Rubel, F. (2006). World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol. Z. 15, 259-263.
48. Lado, M., Ben-Hur, M. (2009). Treated domestic sewage irrigation effects on soil hydraulic properties in arid and semiarid zones: A review. Soil Tillage Res. 106, 152-163.
49. Lal, R. (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability. 7, 5875-5895.
50. Li, Y., Niu, W., Dyck, M., Wang, J., Zou, X. (2016). Yields and nutritional of greenhouse tomato in response to different soil aeration volume at two depths of subsurface drip irrigations. Sci Rep. 6, 39307.
51. Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 421-428.
52. Loveland, P., Webb, J. (2003). Is there a critical level of organic matter in the agricultural soils of temperate regions: a review. Soil Tillage Res. 70, 1-18.
53. Magesan, G.N. (2001). Changes in soil physical properties after irrigation of two forested soils with municipal wastewater. New Zeal. J. Forest. Sci. 31, 188-195.
54. McLean, E.O. (1982). Soil pH and lime requirement, in: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 199-224.
55. Mohammad, M.J., Mazahreh, N. (2003). Changes in soil fertility parameters in response to irrigation of forage crops with secondary treated wastewater. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34, 1281-1294.
56. Mojid, M.A., Wyseure, G.C.L. (2013). Implications of municipal wastewater irrigation on soil health from a study in Bangladesh. Soil Use Manag. 29, 384-396.
57. Mojiri, A. (2011). Effects of municipal wastewater on physical and chemical properties of saline soil. J. Biol. Environ. Sci. 5, 71-76.
58. Mollahoseini, H. (2013). Long term effects of municipal wastewater irrigation on some properties of a semiarid region soil of Iran. Int. J. Agron. Plant Product. 4, 1023-1028.
59. Muyen, Z., Moore, G.A., Wrigley, R.J. (2011). Soil salinity and sodicity effects of wastewater irrigation in South East Australia. Agric. Water Manage. 99, 33-41.
60. Nadav, I., Tarchitzky, J., Chen, Y. (2013). Water repellency induced by organic matter (OM) in treated wastewater (TWW) infiltration ponds and irrigation, in: Xu, J., Wu, J., He, Y. (Eds.), Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 883-887.
61. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter, in: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 539-580.
62. Nelson, R.E. (1982). Carbonate and Gypsum, in: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 181-198.
63. Nollet, L.M.L. (2000). Handbook of Water Analysis. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.
64. Oliveira, V.S., Lima, A.M.N., Salviano, A.M., Bassoi, L.H., Pereira, G.E. (2015). Heavy metals and micronutrients in the soil and grapevine under different irrigation strategies. R. Bras. Ci. Solo. 39, 162-173.
65. Oliveira, P.C.P., Gloaguen, T.V., Gonçalves, R.A.B., Santos, D.L., Couto, C.F. (2016). Soil chemistry after irrigation with treated wastewater in semiarid climate. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Solo. 40, e0140664.
66. Olsen, S.R., Sommers, L.E. (1982). Phosphorus, in: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 403-430.
67. Pescod, M.B. (1992). Wastewater Treatment and Use In Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47, Rome.
68. Rattan, R.K., Datta, S.P., Chhankar, P.K., Suribabu, K., Singh, A.K. (2005). Long term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal contents in soils, crops and groundwater – a case study. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 109, 310-322.
69. Rawls, W.J., Pachepsky, Y.A., Ritchie, J.C., Sobecki, T.M., Bloodworth, H. (2003). Effect of soil organic carbon on soil water retention. Geoderma. 116, 61-76.
70. Reichert, J.M., Albuquerque, J.A., Kaiser, D.R., Reinert, D.J., Urach, F.L., Carlesso, R. (2009). Estimation of water retention and availability in soils of Rio Grande do Sul. R. Bras. Ci. Solo. 33, 1547-1560.
71. Rhoades, J.D. (1982). Cation exchange capacity, in: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 149-157.
72. Rhoades, J. D. (1996). Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, in: Sparks, D. L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 3, Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Book Series, No. 5, Madison, WI, pp. 417-435.
73. Richards, L.A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement Saline and Alkaline Soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No.60, Washington DC.
74. Rusan, M.J.M., Hinnawi, S., Rousan, L. (2007). Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage crops on soil and plant quality parameters. Desalination. 215, 143-152.
75. Rühlmann, J., Körschens, M., Graefe, J. (2006). A new approach to calculate the particle density of soils considering properties of the soil organic matter and the mineral matrix. Geoderma. 130, 272-283.
76. Sahin, U., Eroğlu, S., Sahin, F. (2011). Microbial application with gypsum increases the saturated hydraulic conductivity of saline-sodic soils. Appl. Soil Ecol. 48, 247-250.SAS, (2000). Software for Release 8.1. Statistical Analysis System Institute, Cary, NC, USA.Schacht, K., Marschner, B. (2015). Treated wastewater irrigation effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability of loamy soils in Israel. J. Hydrol. Hydromech. 63, 47-54.
77. Shankar, V., Prasad, K.S.H., Ojha, C.S.P., Govindaraju, R.S. (2013). Optimizing water use in irrigation—a review. J. Indian Institute Sci. 93, 209-226.
78. Silva, L.V.B.D., de Lima, V.L.A., Pearson, H.W., Silva, T.T.S., Maciel S, C.L., Sofiatti, V. (2016). Chemical properties of a Haplustalf soil under irrigation with treated wastewater and nitrogen fertilization. R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental. 20, 308-315.
79. Singh, A., Agrawal, M. (2012). Effects of waste water irrigation on physical and biochemical characteristics of soil and metal partitioning in Beta vulgaris L. Agric Res. 1, 379-391.
80. Singh, P.K., Deshbhratar, P.B., Ramteke, D.S. (2012). Effects of sewage wastewater irrigation on soil properties, crop yield and environment. Agric. Water Manage. 103, 100-104.
81. Soil Survey Staff, (1999). Soil Taxonomy. A Basic of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed. Agricultural Handbook No. 436, USDA, Washington DC.
82. Tayel, M.Y., El-Hady, M.A., Eldardiry, E.I. (2010). Soil structure affected by some soil charactersitics. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 7, 705-712.
83. The Official Gazette, (2010). Regulation on Use in Soil of Domestic and Urban Sewage Sludge in Turkey. The Official Gazette No: 27661, Ankara. (In Turkish)
84. Tunc, T., Sahin, U. (2015). The changes in the physical and hydraulic properties of a loamy soil under irrigation with simpler-reclaimed wastewaters. Agric. Water Manage. 158, 213-224.Tunc, T., U. Sahin, (2016). Red cabbage yield, heavy metal content, water use and soil chemical characteristics under wastewater irrigation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 6264-6276.
85. Tüzüner, A. (1990). Soil and Water Analysis Laboratories Handbook. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Rural Services, Ankara. (In Turkish)
86. Vogeler, I. (2009). Effect of long-term wastewater application on physical soil properties. Water Air Soil Pollut. 196, 385-392.
87. Wang, J.F., Wang, G.X., Wanyan, H. (2007). Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: wastewater recycling in the loess area of China. J. Environ. Sci. 19, 1093-1099.
88. Wang, B.T, Zhang, C.H., Qiu, X.L., Ji, E.Y, Zhang, W.H. (2015). Research on wetting-drying cycles’ effect on the physical and mechanical properties of expansive soil improved by OTAC-KCl. Advan. Material. Sci. Eng. 304276, 1-7.
89. WPCR, (2008). Water Pollution Control Regulation. The Official Gazette of the Turkish Republic No 26786, Ankara, Turkey.
90. Zotarelli, L., Scholberg, J.M. Dukes, M.D. Muñoz-Carpena, R., Icermam, J. (2009). Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling. Agric. Water Manage. 96, 23-34.