The available situation of meadows in Şanlıurfa and the usage areas of useful and harmful plants

Abstract

Meadows and grasslands are one of the most important natural resources in the region. These areas are the cheapest sources of production where our need for animal nutrition is met, as well as where the need for roughage is met so that animals can produce high yields. As a result of continuous excessive and uncontrolled grazing of meadows and grasslands, losses have occurred in the existing vegetation cover. These areas are covered with plant communities where animals do not eat and have difficulty in digestion. To correct this situation and take necessary measures, a vegetation study was carried out in 2016. In the study carried out in the single and fatik mountains representing the city of Şanlıurfa, vegetation study was carried out with the wheel point method and it was studied in 12 determined areas. According to the results of the study, 32% of the pastures are covered with plants, while the remaining part is devastated by overgrazing and drought. Nowadays, plants that grow spontaneously in meadows and pastures are the food sources consumed by people in various ways. Plants that are beneficial according to the structure and properties of the plants collected by humans have been used by people for making food rather than medicine. Some of the plants have a poisonous effect and if the animals consume, the damage occurs. Useful and harmful plant species rates were determined as 19.3% and 32.5%, respectively. Poisonous herbs cause anorexia in animals, irreversible problems in excessive use, and even cause their death. As a result, the plants that are beneficial and harmful to human health in the meadow pastures of Şanlıurfa province, the existence of these plants should be protected and their properties and use should be explained to people, both medically and as a food. It was concluded that the pastures in two different mountains in Şanlıurfa province were degraded due to overgrazing and that they should be urgently protected by applying appropriate breeding methods.

Keywords

• Meadows
• Grassland
• Useful
• Harmful
• Content
• Ingredients

Kaynakça

1. Arıkan, R., 2007. Research Techniques and Report Preparation. 6.printing, ISBN:975-8784-35-8. Ankara.
2. Baytop, T., 1963. Turkey's medicinal and poisonous plants. İsmail Akgün Press. Istanbul.
3. Ergün, A., Çolpan, İ., Yıldız, G., Küçükersan S., Tuncer, D.Ş., Yalçın, S., Küçükersan, M.K. ve Şehu, A., 2002. Feed hygiene and Technology. Ankara University, Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, Department Of Animal Nutrition And Nutrition Diseases, S: 12-55, 318-344. Ankara.
4. Uygur, F.N., Koch, W., Walter, H., 1986. Description Of Important Weeds In The Wheat- Cotton October System Of Çukurova Region.
5. Tögel ve Ayan, 2004. Effects On Some Harmful Plants And Animals Growing In Meadows And Pastures Of Samsun Province.
6. Tükel T. ve R. Hatipoğlu, 2001. On the meadows Poisonous Plants and Animals Effects on. Stewart, G. B., & Pullin, A. S. (2008). The relative importance of grazing stock type and grazing intensity for conservation of mesotrophic ‘old meadow’pasture. Journal for Nature Conservation, 16(3), 175-185.
7. Streeter, C. L., Rumburg, C. B., Hall, T. H., & Siemer, E. G. (1974). Meadow forage quality, intake, and milk production of cows. Rangeland Ecology & Management/Journal of Range Management Archives, 27(2), 133-135.
8. Sargin, S. A. (2015). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Bozyazı district of Mersin, Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173, 105-126.

9. Çakır, E. A. (2017). A Comprehensive Review on Ethnomedicinal Utilization of Gymnosperms in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 5(1), 35-47.
10. Perry, L. G., & Galatowitsch, S. M. (2006). Light competition for invasive species control: a model of cover crop–weed competition and implications for Phalaris arundinacea control in sedge meadow wetlands. Euphytica, 148(1-2), 121-134.
11. Belsky, A. J., & Gelbard, J. L. (2000). Livestock grazing and weed invasions in the arid West (p. 31). Portland: Oregon Natural Desert Association.
12. Williams, M. C. (1980). Purposefully introduced plants that have become noxious or poisonous weeds. Weed Science, 300-305.
13. Ismail, A., Lamia, H., Mohsen, H., & Bassem, J. (2012). Chemical composition and herbicidal effects of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil against weeds. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(4), 558-565.
14. Lentini, F. (2000). The role of ethnobotanics in scientific research. State of ethnobotanical knowledge in Sicily. Fitoterapia, 71, S83-S88.
15. Carvalho, I. S., Teixeira, M., & Brodelius, M. (2009). Effect of salt stress on purslane and potential health benefits: oxalic acid and fatty acids profile.
16. Uddin, M., Juraimi, A. S., Hossain, M. S., Un, A., Ali, M., & Rahman, M. M. (2014). Purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea): a prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
17. Barman, D., & Bhattacharjee, K. (2019). Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Medicinal Plants: The Treasure Trove of Antimicrobial Compounds. In Medically Important Plant Biomes: Source of Secondary Metabolites (pp. 153-187). Springer, Singapore.
18. Anuradha, J., Muhtari, K., Lone, H., Tripathi, S., & Sanjeevi, R. (2018) Potentials of Herbs on the Rescue of Influenza Prevention and Control. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Vol.8(5): 898-903.
19. Joshi, B. C., Mukhija, M., & Kalia, A. N. (2014). Pharmacognostical review of Urtica dioica L. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), 8(4).
20. Shokrzadeh, M., Mirshafa, A., Yekta Moghaddam, N., Birjandian, B., & Shaki, F. (2018). Mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to diabetic neurotoxicity induced by streptozocin in mice: protective effect of Urtica dioica and pioglitazone. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 28(7), 499-506.
21. Saller, R., Meier, R., & Brignoli, R. (2001). The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs, 61(14), 2035-2063.
22. Mohamadi, N., Sharififar, F., Koohpayeh, A., & Daneshpajouh, M. (2015). Traditional and Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants by ancient populations in Khabr and Rouchon of Iran.
23. Genç, G. E., & Özhatay, N. (2006). An ethnobotanical study in Çatalca (European part of Istanbul) II. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(2), 73-89.
24. Kızılarslan, Ç., & Özhatay, N. (2012). An ethnobotanical study of the useful and edible plants of İzmit. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 16(3), 194-200.
25. Granica, S., Lohwasser, U., Jöhrer, K., & Zidorn, C. (2015). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of secondary metabolites in aerial and subaerial of Scorzonera hispanica L.(black salsify). Food Chemistry, 173, 321-331.
26. Ma, L., Song, J., Shi, Y., Wang, C., Chen, B., Xie, D., & Jia, X. (2012). Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] extracts in HepG2. 2.15 cells. Molecules, 17(7), 8633-8646.
27. Al-Snafi, A. E. (2017). The pharmacology of Equisetum arvense-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 7(2), 31-42.
28. Al-Snafi, A. E. (2016). Pharmacology and toxicology of Conium maculatum-A review. The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 3(2), 136-142.
29. Antonio, J., Uelmen, J., Rodriguez, R., & Earnest, C. (2000). The effects of Tribulus terrestris on body composition and exercise performance in resistance-trained males. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 10(2), 208-215.
30. Al-Marzoqi, A. H., Hussein, H. J., & Al-Khafaji, N. M. S. (2015). Antibacterial activity of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds extracts of Lactuca serriola L. on human pathogenic bacteria. Chemistry and Materials Research, 7(1), 8-10.
31. Mohy-Ud-Din, A., Khan, Z. U. D., Ahmad, M., & Kashmiri, M. A. (2010). Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in Solanum nigrum complex. Pakistan journal of botany, 42(1), 653-660.
32. Kamboj, A., & Saluja, A. K. (2010). Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumarium L.(Cocklebur). International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), 4(3).