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Short-term monitoring of the winching and skidding effects on soil microbial biomass in Turkish red pine in the Mediterranean Region

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 107 - 121, 29.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.982791

Öz

Harvesting activities in forests can seriously damage soils and cause short and long-term changes in some of their properties. The aim of this study is to determine the effects on the microbial properties of the failure of the soil by the whole tree method using a farm tractor in the short term. In total, 72 soil samples were collected on two soil layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm) and three seasons (spring, summer, and autumn) for identifying some physicochemical and microbial properties of soil. Mean values of the soil organic carbon and nitrogen were statistically different in the skidding (2.15% -0.13%) and control (2.90% -0.16%) areas, respectively. Also, It was determined that the skidding activities had a statistically significant effect on the microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and microbial soil respiration. A significant reduction in organic carbon and microbial biomass was observed in the soils in the skidding line. According to the seasonal patterns, the microbial biomass of the samples was found the lowest in summer (657.17 μg g–1) and the highest (763.76 μg g–1) in autumn. In the control areas, the lowest was 773.99 μg g–1 in the spring season and the highest was 886 μg g– 1 in the autumn season. It is predicted that the decomposition rate may have increased in parallel with the soil temperature, which increases as a result of the removal of the litter layer from the soil surface in the harvesting application. Consequently, it is important for forest and soil health to monitor the changes in the microbiological characteristics of soils for long periods and to produce in a way that causes minimum damage to the soil in harvesting activities of forests. Therefore, production activities should be carried out in periods when the soil is hard. In seasons, when soils are soft and sensitive, there is a need to develop alternative harvesting methods instead of skidding.

Teşekkür

The author would like to thank Associ. Prof. Sercan Gülci and Nihat Nurdoğan (Forest EnterpriseChief of Baskonus) and anonymous forest workers for their help in field work.

Kaynakça

  • Alef, K. (1995). Soil respiration. In: Alef K, Nannipieri P (eds) Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, London, pp 214–218.
  • Allen, A.S., Schlesinger, W.H. (2004). Nutrient limitations to soil microbial biomass and activity in loblolly pine forests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 581–589.
  • Alvarez, E., Torrado, V.M., Fernandez Marcos, M.L., Diaz-Ravia, M. (2009). Microbial biomass and activity in forest soil under different tree species. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 8(9):878–887.
  • Anderson, T.H. (2003). Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality. Agric Ecosyst Environ 98:285–293.
  • Anderson, T.H., Domsch, K.H. (1985). Maintenance requirements of actively metabolizing microbial populations under in situ conditions. Soil Biol Biochem 17:197–203.
  • Anderson, J.P.E., Domsch, K.H. (1989). Ratios of microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon in arable soils. Soil Biol Biochem 21:471–479.
  • Anderson, T.H., Domsch, K.H. (1990). Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2, and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biol Biochem 22:251–255.
  • Anderson, T.H., Domsch, K.H. (1993). The metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) as a specific activity parameter to assess the effects of environmental conditions, such as pH, on the microbial biomass of forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 25:393–395.
  • Anderson, J.M., Ingram, J.S.I. (1996). Tropical soil biology and fertility a handbook of methods, 2nd edn. Cab International Wallingford, UK.
  • Ashworth, J., Keyes, D., Kirk, R., Lessard, R. (2001). Standard procedure in the hydrometer method for particle size analysis. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32 (5–6), 633–642.
  • Babur, E. (2019). Effects of parent material on soil microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration within young afforested areas, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 34:2, 94-101, DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2018.1561936.
  • Babur E, Dindaroglu T. (2020). Seasonal Changes of Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Forest Ecosystems, Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health, Ivan Uher, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90656.
  • Babur, E., Dindaroğlu, T., Solaiman, Z., Battaglia M.L., (2021). Microbial respiration, microbial biomass and activity are highly sensitive to forest tree species and seasonal patterns in the Eastern Mediterranean Karst Ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment. 775, 145868.
  • Bauhus, J.D., Pare, D., Cote, L. (1998). Effects of tree species, stand age, and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1077–1089.
  • Bolat, I. (2014). The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu, Turkey. Eur J Forest Res (2014) 133:131–139.
  • Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J 54:464–465.
  • Brookes, P.C., Landman, A., Pruden, G., Jenkinson, D.S. (1985). Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 17:837–842.
  • Cambi, M., Certini, G., Neri, F., Marchi, E. (2015). The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: a review. For. Ecol. Manage. 338, 124–138.
  • Carter, M.C., Dean, T.J., Zhou, M., Messina, M.G., Wang, Z. (2002). Short-term changes in soil C, N, and biota following harvesting and regeneration of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). For. Ecol. Manage. 164, 67–88.
  • Chen, G., Tian, H., Huang, C., Prior, S.A., Pan, S. (2013). Integrating a process-based ecosystem model with Landsat imagery to assess impacts of forest disturbance on terrestrial carbon dynamics: case studies in Alabama and Mississippi. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 118, 1208–1224.
  • Dangal, S.R.S., Felzer, B.S., Hurteau, M.D. (2014). Effects of agriculture and timber harvest on carbon sequestration in eastern US forests. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 119, 35–54.
  • Devi, N.B., Yadava, P.S. (2006). Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur, Northeast India. Appl Soil Ecol 31:220–227.
  • Dilly, O., Munch, J.C. (1998). Ratios between estimates of microbial biomass content and microbial activity in soils. Biol Fertil Soils 27:374–379.
  • Dilly, O., Bernhard, M., Kutsch, W.L., Kappen, L., Munch, J.C. (1997). Aspects of carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils of the Bornhoved Lake district I. Microbial characteristics and emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide of arable and grassland soils. Biogeochemistry 39:189–205.
  • Foote, J.A., Boutton, T.W., Scott, D.A. (2015). Soil C and N storage and microbial biomass in US southern pine forests: Influence of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 355 48–57.
  • Frey, B., Kremer, J., Rudt, A., Sciacca, S., Matthies, D., Luscher, P. (2009). Compaction of forest soils with heavy logging machinery affects soil bacterial community structure. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 45, 312–320.
  • Grand, S., Lavkulich, L.M. (2012). Effects of forest harvest on soil carbon and related variables in Canadian Spodosols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 1816–1827.
  • Gülser. C., Candemir, F. (2014). Using soil moisture constants and physical properties to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 3 (2014) 77 – 81.
  • Güner, S., Tüfekcioğlu, A., Gülenay, S., Küçük, M. (2010). Land-use type and slope position effects on soil respiration in black locust plantations in Artvin, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(8):719-724.
  • Haubensak, K.A., Hart, S.C., Stark, J.M. (2002). Influences of chloroform exposure time and soil water content on C and N release in forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1549–1562.
  • Henderson, G.S. (1995). Soil organic matter: a link between forest management and productivity. In: McFee, W.W., Kelly, J.M. (Eds.), Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America Inc., Madison, pp. 419–435.
  • Hernot, J., Robertson, G.P. (1994). Vegetation removal in two soils of the humid tropics: effect on microbial biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 26:111–116.
  • Insam, H., Haselwandter, K. (1989). Metabolic quotient of the soil microflora in relation to plant succession. Oecologia 79:174–178.
  • Insam, H., Hutchinson, T.C., Reber, H.H. (1996). Effects of heavy metal stress on the metabolic quotient of soil microflora. Soil Biol Biochem 28:691–694.
  • Jenkinson, D.S. (1988). The determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil. In: Wilson JR (ed) Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. CAB, Wallingford, pp 368–386.
  • Jenkinson, D.S., Ladd, J.N. (1981). Microbial biomass in soil measurement and turnover. In: Paul EA, Ladd JN (eds) Soil biochemistry, vol 5. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York and Basel, pp 415–471.
  • Jordan, D., Ponder Jr., F., Hubbard, V.C. (2003). Effects of soil compaction, forest leaf litter, and nitrogen fertilizer on two oak species and microbial activity. Appl. Soil Ecol. 23, 33–41.
  • Jones, H.S., Beets, P.N., Kimberley, M.O., Garrett, L.G. (2011). Harvest residue management and fertilisation effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a 15- year-old Pinus radiata plantation forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 262, 339–347.
  • Joergensen, R.G., Wu, J., Brookes, P.C. (2011). Measuring soil microbial biomass using an automated procedure. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43, 873–876.
  • Kara, O., Bolat, I. (2007). The effect of wildfire on the microbial biomass C of black pine plantation soils. In: Proceedings ofinternational symposium, bottlenecks, solutions, and priorities in the context of functions of forest resources, October 17–19, Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul, Turkey, pp 1021–1030.
  • Kara, O., Bolat, I., Cakıroglu, K., Ozturk, M. (2008). Plant canopy effects on litter accumulation and soil microbial biomass in two temperate forests. Biol Fertil Soils 45(2):193–198.
  • Kara, O., Babur, E., Altun, L., Seyis, M. (2016). Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey. J Sustain For 35(6):385–396.
  • Karaöz M.Ö. (1992). Leaf and litter analysis methods (in Turkish). J. Fac. For. Istanbul U. Series B, 42 (1–2), pp. 57-71.
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Akdeniz Bölgesinde Kızılçam meşcerelerinde taşıma ve sürütme ile bölmeden çıkartma faaliyeti sonucu toprakların mikrobiyal özelliklerinin değişiminin mevsimsel olarak izlenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 107 - 121, 29.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.982791

Öz

Ormanlarda yapılan hasat (üretim) faaliyetleri topraklara ciddi şekilde zarar verebilmekte ve bazı özelliklerinde kısa ve uzun vadeli değişikliklere neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarım traktörü kullanılarak bütün ağaç yöntemi ile hasat yapıldıktan sonra yırtılan (bozulan) toprakların kısa vadede bazı fizikokimyasal ve mikrobiyal özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Toprağın bazı fizikokimyasal ve mikrobiyal özelliklerini belirlemek için iki toprak katmanında (0-10 ve 10-20 cm) ve üç mevsimde (ilkbahar, yaz ve sonbahar) toplam 72 toprak örneği toplanmıştır. Toprak organik karbon ve azot ortalama değerleri sırasıyla örneklerde (%2.15 ve %0.13) ve kontrol (%2.90 ve %0.16) alanlarında istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, üretim uygulamasının mikrobiyal biyokütle karbon, azot ve mikrobiyal toprak solunumu üzerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli etkilere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Özellikle sürütme hattındaki topraklarda organik karbon ve mikrobiyal biyokütlede önemli miktarda azalma gözlenmiştir. Mevsimsel desene göre, toprak örneklerinin mikrobiyal biyokütlesi en düşük (657.17 μg g–1) yaz ve en yüksek (763.76 μg g–1) sonbahar mevsiminde bulunmuştur. Kontrol alanlarında en düşük 773.99 μg g-1 ilkbahar mevsiminde, en yüksek 886 μg g-1 sonbahar mevsiminde olmuştur. Üretim faaliyetleri sonucunda ölü örtü tabakasının toprak yüzeyinden uzaklaştırılması sonucu artan toprak sıcaklığı ve azalan toprak nemine paralel olarak toprakların mikrobiyal özelliklerinde azalmalar olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ormanlarda üretimden sonra toprakların mikrobiyolojik özelliklerindeki değişimlerin uzun vadede izlenmesi, toprağa en az zarar verecek şekilde üretim yapılması orman ve toprak sağlığı için önemlidir. Bu nedenle üretim faaliyetleri toprağın sert olduğu dönemlerde yapılmalıdır. Toprakların yumuşak ve hassas olduğu mevsimlerde bütün ağaç veya sürütme yöntemi yerine alternatif hasat yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

Kaynakça

  • Alef, K. (1995). Soil respiration. In: Alef K, Nannipieri P (eds) Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, London, pp 214–218.
  • Allen, A.S., Schlesinger, W.H. (2004). Nutrient limitations to soil microbial biomass and activity in loblolly pine forests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 581–589.
  • Alvarez, E., Torrado, V.M., Fernandez Marcos, M.L., Diaz-Ravia, M. (2009). Microbial biomass and activity in forest soil under different tree species. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 8(9):878–887.
  • Anderson, T.H. (2003). Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality. Agric Ecosyst Environ 98:285–293.
  • Anderson, T.H., Domsch, K.H. (1985). Maintenance requirements of actively metabolizing microbial populations under in situ conditions. Soil Biol Biochem 17:197–203.
  • Anderson, J.P.E., Domsch, K.H. (1989). Ratios of microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon in arable soils. Soil Biol Biochem 21:471–479.
  • Anderson, T.H., Domsch, K.H. (1990). Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2, and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biol Biochem 22:251–255.
  • Anderson, T.H., Domsch, K.H. (1993). The metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) as a specific activity parameter to assess the effects of environmental conditions, such as pH, on the microbial biomass of forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 25:393–395.
  • Anderson, J.M., Ingram, J.S.I. (1996). Tropical soil biology and fertility a handbook of methods, 2nd edn. Cab International Wallingford, UK.
  • Ashworth, J., Keyes, D., Kirk, R., Lessard, R. (2001). Standard procedure in the hydrometer method for particle size analysis. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32 (5–6), 633–642.
  • Babur, E. (2019). Effects of parent material on soil microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration within young afforested areas, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 34:2, 94-101, DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2018.1561936.
  • Babur E, Dindaroglu T. (2020). Seasonal Changes of Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Forest Ecosystems, Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health, Ivan Uher, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90656.
  • Babur, E., Dindaroğlu, T., Solaiman, Z., Battaglia M.L., (2021). Microbial respiration, microbial biomass and activity are highly sensitive to forest tree species and seasonal patterns in the Eastern Mediterranean Karst Ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment. 775, 145868.
  • Bauhus, J.D., Pare, D., Cote, L. (1998). Effects of tree species, stand age, and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1077–1089.
  • Bolat, I. (2014). The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu, Turkey. Eur J Forest Res (2014) 133:131–139.
  • Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J 54:464–465.
  • Brookes, P.C., Landman, A., Pruden, G., Jenkinson, D.S. (1985). Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 17:837–842.
  • Cambi, M., Certini, G., Neri, F., Marchi, E. (2015). The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: a review. For. Ecol. Manage. 338, 124–138.
  • Carter, M.C., Dean, T.J., Zhou, M., Messina, M.G., Wang, Z. (2002). Short-term changes in soil C, N, and biota following harvesting and regeneration of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). For. Ecol. Manage. 164, 67–88.
  • Chen, G., Tian, H., Huang, C., Prior, S.A., Pan, S. (2013). Integrating a process-based ecosystem model with Landsat imagery to assess impacts of forest disturbance on terrestrial carbon dynamics: case studies in Alabama and Mississippi. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 118, 1208–1224.
  • Dangal, S.R.S., Felzer, B.S., Hurteau, M.D. (2014). Effects of agriculture and timber harvest on carbon sequestration in eastern US forests. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 119, 35–54.
  • Devi, N.B., Yadava, P.S. (2006). Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur, Northeast India. Appl Soil Ecol 31:220–227.
  • Dilly, O., Munch, J.C. (1998). Ratios between estimates of microbial biomass content and microbial activity in soils. Biol Fertil Soils 27:374–379.
  • Dilly, O., Bernhard, M., Kutsch, W.L., Kappen, L., Munch, J.C. (1997). Aspects of carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils of the Bornhoved Lake district I. Microbial characteristics and emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide of arable and grassland soils. Biogeochemistry 39:189–205.
  • Foote, J.A., Boutton, T.W., Scott, D.A. (2015). Soil C and N storage and microbial biomass in US southern pine forests: Influence of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 355 48–57.
  • Frey, B., Kremer, J., Rudt, A., Sciacca, S., Matthies, D., Luscher, P. (2009). Compaction of forest soils with heavy logging machinery affects soil bacterial community structure. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 45, 312–320.
  • Grand, S., Lavkulich, L.M. (2012). Effects of forest harvest on soil carbon and related variables in Canadian Spodosols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 1816–1827.
  • Gülser. C., Candemir, F. (2014). Using soil moisture constants and physical properties to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 3 (2014) 77 – 81.
  • Güner, S., Tüfekcioğlu, A., Gülenay, S., Küçük, M. (2010). Land-use type and slope position effects on soil respiration in black locust plantations in Artvin, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(8):719-724.
  • Haubensak, K.A., Hart, S.C., Stark, J.M. (2002). Influences of chloroform exposure time and soil water content on C and N release in forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1549–1562.
  • Henderson, G.S. (1995). Soil organic matter: a link between forest management and productivity. In: McFee, W.W., Kelly, J.M. (Eds.), Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America Inc., Madison, pp. 419–435.
  • Hernot, J., Robertson, G.P. (1994). Vegetation removal in two soils of the humid tropics: effect on microbial biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 26:111–116.
  • Insam, H., Haselwandter, K. (1989). Metabolic quotient of the soil microflora in relation to plant succession. Oecologia 79:174–178.
  • Insam, H., Hutchinson, T.C., Reber, H.H. (1996). Effects of heavy metal stress on the metabolic quotient of soil microflora. Soil Biol Biochem 28:691–694.
  • Jenkinson, D.S. (1988). The determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil. In: Wilson JR (ed) Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. CAB, Wallingford, pp 368–386.
  • Jenkinson, D.S., Ladd, J.N. (1981). Microbial biomass in soil measurement and turnover. In: Paul EA, Ladd JN (eds) Soil biochemistry, vol 5. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York and Basel, pp 415–471.
  • Jordan, D., Ponder Jr., F., Hubbard, V.C. (2003). Effects of soil compaction, forest leaf litter, and nitrogen fertilizer on two oak species and microbial activity. Appl. Soil Ecol. 23, 33–41.
  • Jones, H.S., Beets, P.N., Kimberley, M.O., Garrett, L.G. (2011). Harvest residue management and fertilisation effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a 15- year-old Pinus radiata plantation forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 262, 339–347.
  • Joergensen, R.G., Wu, J., Brookes, P.C. (2011). Measuring soil microbial biomass using an automated procedure. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43, 873–876.
  • Kara, O., Bolat, I. (2007). The effect of wildfire on the microbial biomass C of black pine plantation soils. In: Proceedings ofinternational symposium, bottlenecks, solutions, and priorities in the context of functions of forest resources, October 17–19, Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul, Turkey, pp 1021–1030.
  • Kara, O., Bolat, I., Cakıroglu, K., Ozturk, M. (2008). Plant canopy effects on litter accumulation and soil microbial biomass in two temperate forests. Biol Fertil Soils 45(2):193–198.
  • Kara, O., Babur, E., Altun, L., Seyis, M. (2016). Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey. J Sustain For 35(6):385–396.
  • Karaöz M.Ö. (1992). Leaf and litter analysis methods (in Turkish). J. Fac. For. Istanbul U. Series B, 42 (1–2), pp. 57-71.
  • Kellman, L., Kumar, S., Diochon, A. (2014). Soil nitrogen dynamics within soil profiles of a managed moist temperate forest chronosequence consistent with long-term harvesting-induced losses. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 119, 1309–1321.
  • Khan, K.S., Joergensen, R.G. (2006). Microbial C, N and P relationships in moisture stressed soils of Potohar, Pakistan. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 169:494–500.
  • Labelle, E.R., Jaeger, D. (2011). Soil compaction caused by cut-to-length forest operations and possible short-term natural rehabilitation of soil density. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 2314–2329.
  • LeDuc, S.D., Rothstein, D.E. (2007). Initial recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen pools and dynamics following disturbance in jack pine forests: a comparison of wildfire and clearcut harvesting. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39, 2865–2876.
  • Li, Q., Allen, H.L., Wollum II, A.G. (2004). Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils: effects of organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 571–579.
  • Mariani, L., Chang, S.X., Kabzems, R. (2006). Effects of tree harvesting, forest floor removal, and compaction on soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration, and N availability in a boreal aspen forest in British Columbia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 1734–1744.
  • Nilsen, P., Strand, L.T. (2008). Thinning intensity effects on carbon and nitrogen stores and fluxes in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand after 33 years. For Ecol Manage 256:201–208.
  • Odum, E.P. (1985). Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. Bioscience 35:419–422.
  • Patel, K., Nirmal Kumar, J.I.N., Kumar, R., Kumar Bhoi, R. (2010). Seasonal and temporal variation in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in different types land uses of dry deciduous forest ecosystem of Udaipur, Rajasthan, Western India. Appl Ecol Environ Res 8(4):377–390.
  • Paul, E.A., Harris, D., Klug, M.J., Ruess, R.W. (1999). The determination of microbial biomass. In: Robertson, G.P., Coleman, D.C., Bledsoe, C.S., Sollins, P. (Eds.), Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 291–317.
  • Rowell, D.L. (1994). Soil science; methods and applications. Longman Publishers (Pte) Ltd, Singapore.
  • Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S., Denef, K. (2004). A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Tillage Res. 79, 7–31.
  • Sparling, G.P. (1997). Soil microbial biomass, activity and nutrient cycling as indicators of soil health. In: Pankhurst CE, Doube BM, Gupta VVSR (eds) Biological indicators of soil health. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 97–119.
  • Torbert, H.A., Wood, C.W. (1992). Effects of soil compaction and water-filled pore space on soil microbial activity and N losses. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 23 (11&12), 1321–1331.
  • Turner, J., Lambert, M.J. (2011). Analysis of nutrient depletion in a radiata pine plantation. For. Ecol. Manage. 262, 1327–1336.
  • Tüfekçioğlu, A., Küçük, M., Sağlam, B., Bilgili, E., Altun, L., Küçük, Ö. (2006). Influence of fire on root biomass dynamics and soil respiration rates in young corsican pine (Pinus nigra) stands in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 234,: S195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.314.
  • Vance, E.D., Brookes, P.C., Jenkinson, D.S. (1987a). An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 19:703–707.
  • Vance, E.D., Brookes, P.C., Jenkinson, D.S. (1987b). Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: the use of chloroform fumigation incubation methods for strongly acid soils. Soil Biol Biochem 19:697–702.
  • Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37, 29–38.
  • Wardle, D.A. (1992). A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil. Biol. Rev. 67, 321–358.
  • Vesterdal, L., Dalsgaard, M., Felby, C., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Jorgensen, B.B. (1995). Effects of thinning and soil properties on accumulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the forest floor of Norway spruce stands. For Ecol Manage 77:1–10.
  • Winding, A., Hund-Rinke, K., Rutgers, M. (2005). The use of microorganisms in ecological soil classification and assessment concepts. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 62:230–248.
  • Zeller, B., Colin-Belgrand, M., Dambrine, E., Martin, F., Bottner, P. (2000). Decomposition of 15 N-labelled beech litter and fate of nitrogen derived from litter in a beech forest. Oecologia 123:550–559.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Emre Babur 0000-0002-1776-3018

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Babur, E. (2021). Short-term monitoring of the winching and skidding effects on soil microbial biomass in Turkish red pine in the Mediterranean Region. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 9(3), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.982791

 

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