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Dijital Okuryazarlık Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Kültürlerarası Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 88, 121 - 148, 20.07.2020

Öz

Problem Durumu: Günümüzde bireyler artık dijital vatandaşlık kimlikleri ile dünyaya gelmektedirler. Gelişen teknoloji özellikle de İnternet’in gelişimi bu noktada dijital vatandaşlık kavramını kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır. Dijital vatandaşlığın, en önemli öğelerinden biri ise dijital okuryazarlık kavramıdır. Dijital okuryazarlık “genellikle çeşitli dijital teknoloji ortamlarından bilgi edinme, anlama, değerlendirme ve kullanma kabiliyeti" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Dijital okuryazar birey, farklı teknolojileri doğru kullanmak, doğru bilgiye ulaşmak, üretmek ve paylaşımda bulunabilmek ve eğitim süreçlerinde teknolojiyi kullanabilme becerilerine sahip olan kişi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisi araçları ile İnternet’i kullanan bireylerin iyi birer dijital okuryazar olabilmesi için ülkeler bazı politikalar geliştirmektedir. Çünkü ülkeler, günümüzde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisi araçlarının kullanımının toplumsal, ekonomik ve kültürel yapıya olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini bilmektedir. Dijital okuryazarlık kavramı söz konusu olduğunda cinsiyet faktörünü göz önüne almak ve dijital okuryazarlıktaki farklılıkları kültürel farklılıklar açısından değerlendirmek önemlidir. Bu, farklı ülkelerde dijital okuryazarlığın geliştirilmesine yönelik önerilere yol açabilir.
Bu çalışmada teknoloji alanında öğrenim görmekte olan öğrenciler ile kültürlerarası bir çalışma gerçekleştirmek için üç ülke seçilmiştir. Bu ülkeler birbirinden gelişmişlik anlamında farklılık göstermektedir ki ayırt edici özellikleri; birincisinin Birleşik Krallık iyi gelişmiş bir AB üyesi; ikincisi ise Malta olup İngiltere’ye göre daha az gelişmiş bir AB üyesi ve üçüncüsü ise Türkiye olup gelişmekte olan ve AB üyeliğine aday bir ülke olmasıdır.

Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu çalışma, farklı üç ülkede öğrenim görmekte olan üniversite öğrencilerinin okur-yazarlık düzeylerini tutum, teknik, bilişsel ve sosyal-duygusal alt boyutları açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda aşağıdakileri sorulara yanıt aramaktadır:
1. Öğrencilerin dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri, cinsiyetlerine ve eğitim gördükleri ülkelere göre tutum, teknik, bilişsel ve sosyal-duygusal alt boyutları açısından anlamlı bir farklılık göstermekte midir?

Araştırmanın Yöntemi: Bu çalışma tarama modellerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli ile amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden aykırı durum örneklemesine uygun olarak tasarlanmış olup; mevcut durumu tanımlamayı amaçlayan bir tür yaklaşımdır. Bu yaklaşımın amacı, mevcut durumu araştırma konusu hakkında tasvir ederek bir açıklama yapmaktır (Büyüköztürk vd., 2015). Anket çalışmalarında, çalışmanın konusu olan gerçeği değiştirmek ve etkilemek için çaba gösterilmemektedir. İlişkisel tarama modeli için gerekli veriler, ölçüm araçları kullanılarak araştırmanın hedef popülasyonundaki bireylerden elde edilmiştir. Çalışma grubunu, Türkiye, Malta ve İngiltere’de teknoloji ile ilgili bölümlerde öğrenim gören 430 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama yöntemi ile desenlenen çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak (Ng, 2012) tarafından geliştirilen dijital okuryazarlık ölçeğinin İngilizce ve Türkçe sürümü kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen ve uyarlanan ölçek 4 boyuttan oluşmakta olup toplam 17 madde içermektedir. Dijital okuryazarlık ölçeği tutum, teknik, bilişsel ve sosyal-duygusal alt boyutlarından oluşmaktadır. 5’li Likert tipinde olan ölçek, Kesinlikle Katılıyorum (5) ile Kesinlikle Katılmıyorum (1) arasında kategorilendirilmiştir. Türkçe’ye uyarlanan ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha ile hesaplanan, iç tutarlık katsayısı tüm ölçek için 0.93 iken; tutum, teknik, bilişsel ve sosyal boyutları için sırasıyla 0.88, 0.89, 0.7 ve 0.72’dir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 23 programı ile analiz edilmiş olup; dijital okuryazarlığı etkileyen kültürel farklılıklar bağımsız parametrelerle ilişkilendirilerek analilz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizde, öğrencilerin dijital okuryazarlığa ilişkin durumlarının cinsiyete ve ülkeye göre değişip değişmediğini belirlemek için çok değişkenli varyans analizi (MANOVA) kullanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

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  • Akdag, M., & Karahan, M. (2004). Universite ogrencilerinin bilgi okuryazarlik duzeylerinin cesitli degiskenler acisindan incelenmesi [Examining the information literacy level of undeıgraduates through a number of variables]. Egitim ve Bilim, 29(134).
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Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 88, 121 - 148, 20.07.2020

Öz

Purpose: Due to the distinctive characteristics of developed countries differentiating them from the developing countries, it is expected that there may be differences between developed and developing countries’ levels of digital literacies. Considering the cultural differences and approach to the gender problem, it is important to see how these differences manifest themselves when genders are considered. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate comparatively the level of digital literacy of university students in three culturally different countries.

Method: The study was based on descriptive survey research and consisted of 430 university students, studying on technological programs in three different countries: the first one was the United Kingdom (UK), a well-developed member of the European Union (EU), the second one was Malta, a less developed EU member, and the third one was the Republic of Turkey, a developing country and a candidate for EU membership. The data were collected through the Digital Literacy Scale. In the analysis of data, descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test were used.

Findings: The only difference in the findings is in the technical sub-dimension of digital literacy; male students’ average scores for this sub-dimension are higher than that of female students across three countries. The findings also indicated significant differences in terms of cognitive and social-emotional sub-dimensions of digital literacy between countries. Accordingly, participants studying in Turkey had a lower score than participants studying in Malta in terms of cognitive sub-dimension and had a higher score than the UK participants in the social-emotional sub-dimension. Moreover, it was found that neither gender nor country had any significant effect on the sub-dimensions of digital literacy.

Implications for Research and Practice: The findings of the study reveals that the participants from Turkey scored lower than other countries in the cognitive skills needed for digital literacy. This may well lead to a recommendation for improving digital literacy in different countries.

Kaynakça

  • Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamalari (1. Baski). İstanbul: Ideal Kultur Yayincilik
  • Akca, E. B. (2014). Dijital bolunme kavrami baglaminda Turkiye’de ortaokul ogrencilerinin internet ve sosyal ag kullanimlari: Gaziantep Ili Ornegi. 1. Uluslararası Iletisim Bilimleri ve Medya Arastirmalari Kongresi, 12-15.
  • Akdag, M., & Karahan, M. (2004). Universite ogrencilerinin bilgi okuryazarlik duzeylerinin cesitli degiskenler acisindan incelenmesi [Examining the information literacy level of undeıgraduates through a number of variables]. Egitim ve Bilim, 29(134).
  • Antonio, A., & Tuffley, D. (2014a). The gender digital divide in developing countries. Future Internet, 6(4), 673-687.
  • Antonio, A., & Tuffley, D. (2014b). Digital literacy in the developing world: a gender gap. The Conversation, 8, 1-3.
  • Ata, F. (2011). Universite ogrencilerinin web 2.0 teknolojilerini kullanim durumlari ile bilgi okuryazarligi oz-yeterlik algilari arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi [The investigation of correlation between the undergraduate students‟ usage of web 2.0 technology and perceptions of information literacy self – efficacy]. (Master dissertation). DEU Egitim Bilimleri Enstitusu, İzmir.
  • Bal, H. C., Kalayci, C., & Artan S. (2015). Farkli gelir grubuna sahip ulkelerde dijital bolunmenin boyutu ve belirleyicileri [The size and determinants of digital divide in countries of different income groups]. Uluslararasi Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1(2), 107-123.
  • Barut, E., & Kuzu, A. (2017). Turkiye ve Ingiltere bilisim teknolojileri ogretim programlarinin amac, kazanim, etkinlik, olcme ve degerlendirme surecleri acisindan karsilastirilmasi [The comparison of Turkey and Uk's information technologies curriculum in the context of objectives, acquisition, activities, measurement and evaluation]. Trakya Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 7(2), 721-745.
  • Basturk Akca, E., & Kaya, B. (2016). Toplumsal cinsiyet esitligi perspektifinden dijital bolunme ve farkli yaklasimlar [The different approaches to digital divide in the concept of gender equality and it’s dimensions]. Intermedia International e-Journal, 3(5), 301-319.
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  • Bhatt, I. (2015). Curation as a new direction in digital literacy theory, Reviewed proceedings for the society for research into higher education (SRHE) Annual Research Conference 2015 ‘Converging Concepts in Global Higher Education Research’ (Dec 2015, Celtic Manor, Newport, Wales).
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  • Hamutoglu, N. B., Gungoren, O. C., Uyanik, G. K., & Erdogan, D. G. (2018). Ogretmen adaylarinin dijital okuryazarlik duzeyleri ve sosyal ag kullanma amaclarinin farkli degiskenler acisindan incelenmesi. 27th Internation Congress on Educational Sciences (ICES), 18-22 April 2018, Antalya, Turkey.
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  • Johnson, L., Adams B., S., Estrada. V., & Freeman. A. (2015). NMC horizon report 2015: Higher education edition, Austin. TX: The New Media Consortium.
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Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Orhan Gemıkonaklı Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0513-1128

Deniz Mertkan Gezgın Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4688-043X

Nazire Burcin Hamutoglu Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0941-9070

Clifford De Raffaele Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7081-702X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 88

Kaynak Göster

APA Gemıkonaklı, O., Gezgın, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., De Raffaele, C. (2020). Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20(88), 121-148.
AMA Gemıkonaklı O, Gezgın DM, Hamutoglu NB, De Raffaele C. Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. Temmuz 2020;20(88):121-148.
Chicago Gemıkonaklı, Orhan, Deniz Mertkan Gezgın, Nazire Burcin Hamutoglu, ve Clifford De Raffaele. “Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20, sy. 88 (Temmuz 2020): 121-48.
EndNote Gemıkonaklı O, Gezgın DM, Hamutoglu NB, De Raffaele C (01 Temmuz 2020) Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20 88 121–148.
IEEE O. Gemıkonaklı, D. M. Gezgın, N. B. Hamutoglu, ve C. De Raffaele, “Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, c. 20, sy. 88, ss. 121–148, 2020.
ISNAD Gemıkonaklı, Orhan vd. “Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20/88 (Temmuz 2020), 121-148.
JAMA Gemıkonaklı O, Gezgın DM, Hamutoglu NB, De Raffaele C. Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20:121–148.
MLA Gemıkonaklı, Orhan vd. “Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, c. 20, sy. 88, 2020, ss. 121-48.
Vancouver Gemıkonaklı O, Gezgın DM, Hamutoglu NB, De Raffaele C. Comparative Cross-Cultural Study in Digital Literacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20(88):121-48.