Akdeniz Bölgesinde Thymus eigii (M. Zohary & P.H. Davis) Jalas Bitkisinin Farklı Gelişme Devrelerinde Verimi ile Yaprak ve Çiçeklerdeki Uçucu Yağ Bileşimi

Öz

Thymus eigii, Lamiaceae familyasından çok yıllık bir çalı olup, Türkiye'nin Adana ve Hatay illerinde yabani olarak bulunmaktadır. Thymus spp. türlerinin viral hastalıkların önlenmesi konusundaki potansiyel kullanımı talebi artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, en yüksek miktarda verim ve uçucu yağ elde etmek için en uygun hasat zamanını belirlemek amacıyla, Adana, Türkiye'den farklı çiçeklenme dönemlerinde (çiçeklenme öncesi, yarı çiçeklenme ve tam çiçeklenme) toplanmıştır. Tam çiçeklenmede en yüksek bitki boyu (36.11 cm), bitki çapı (57.30 cm), taze bitki verimi (251.31 g bitki-1), taze çiçek verimi (158.24 g bitki-1), kuru bitki verimi (84.73 g bitki-1) saptanırken, kuru çiçek verimi (53.63 g bitki-1), en yüksek taze yaprak verimi (38.97 g bitki-1) ve kuru yaprak verimi (16.72 g bitki-1) ise yarı çiçeklenmede belirlenmiştir. En yüksek çiçek uçucu yağ oranı (4.75 ml 100 g-1) yarı çiçeklenmede, en yüksek yaprak uçucu yağ oranı (2.77 ml 100 g-1) ise çiçeklenme öncesi dönemde bulunmuştur. Başlıca bileşikler karvakrol (%70.87-77.27), p-Cymene (%3.39-7.46), β-Caryophyllene (%3.90-5.17), γ-Terpinen (%0.58-5.15) ve izoborneol (%0.30-3.58) olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak en uygun hasat zamanı kuru yaprak verimi açısından çiçeklenme öncesi, çiçek uçucu yağ verimi açısından ise tam çiçeklenme olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Thymus
• Uçucu yağ
• Karvakrol
• Yabani türler

Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Thymus eigii (M. Zohary & P.H. Davis) Jalas Leaves and Flowers at Various Growth Stages in the Mediterranean Region

Öz

Thymus eigii is a perennial shrub from Lamiaceae family and it is found as wild in Adana and Hatay provinces, Turkey. The potential use of Thymus spp. in the prevention of viral diseases is making its demand rise. In this study, T. eigii plants were collected at various growth stages (pre-flowering, mid-flowering, and full-flowering) from Adana, Turkey in order to determine the most suitable harvest time for the highest amount of essential oil and yield. Full-flowering resulted in the highest plant height (36.11 cm), plant diameter (57.30 cm), fresh herb yield (251.31 g plant-1), fresh flower yield (158.24 g plant-1), dry herb yield (84.73 g plant-1), and dry flowers yield (53.63 g plant-1), whereas the highest fresh leaves yield (38.97 g plant-1) and dry leaves yield (16.72 g plant-1) were found at mid-flowering. While the highest flower essential oil rate (4.75 ml 100 g-1) was obtained at mid-flowering, the highest leaves essential oil rate (2.77 ml 100 g-1) was found at pre-flowering. The major compounds were carvacrol (70.87-77.98%), p-Cymene (3.39-7.46%), β-Caryophyllene (3.90-5.17%), γ-Terpinene (0.58-5.15%), and isoborneol (0.30-3.58%). As a result, the most suitable harvest time was determined as pre-flowering in terms of dry leaf yield and full-flowering in terms of flowers essential oil yield.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Thymus
• Essential oil
• Carvacrol
• Wild species

Kaynakça

1. Ait‐Ouazzou, A., Espina, L., Gelaw, T. K., de Lamo‐Castellví, S., Pagán, R., & García‐Gonzalo, D. (2013). New insights in mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by carvacrol. Journal of applied microbiology, 114(1), 173-185.
2. Ait‐Ouazzou, A., Lorán, S., Bakkali, M., Laglaoui, A., Rota, C., Herrera, A., ... & Conchello, P. (2011). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Thymus algeriensis, Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(14), 2643-2651.
3. Avci, A. B. (2011). Chemical variation on the essential oil of Thymus praecox ssp. scorpilii var. laniger. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13(4).
4. Azaz, A. D., Kucukbay, Z., Çelen, S., Kuyumcu, E., & Yildiz, B. (2010). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Thymus eigii M. Zohary & PH Davis essential oil. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther, 4, 17-22.
5. Baser, K. H. C., Kürkçüoglu, M., Tümen, G., & Sezik, E. (1996). Composition of the essential oil of Thymus eigii (M. Zohary et PH Davis) Jalas from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8(1), 85-86.
6. Baydar, H. (2016). Medicinal and aromatic plants science and technology book (Extended 5th Edition). Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture, Publication No: 51. Isparta.
7. Campana, R., & Baffone, W. (2018). Carvacrol efficacy in reducing microbial biofilms on stainless steel and in limiting re-growth of injured cells. Food Control, 90, 10-17.
8. Davis, P. H. (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands; University Press: Edinburgh, Scotland, Vol. 7, pp 349- 382.

9. Dob, T., Dahmane, D., Benabdelkader, T., & Chelghoum, C. (2006). Studies on the essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 16(2), 95-100.
10. Eurostat. (2021). Retrieved 14 October 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
11. Galovičová, L., Borotová, P., Valková, V., Vukovic, N. L., Vukic, M., Terentjeva, M., ... & Kačániová, M. (2021). Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity as a Modern Food Preserver. Plants, 10(7), 1416.
12. Gedikoğlu, A., Sökmen, M., & Çivit, A. (2019). Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata essential oils and plant extracts for chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Food science & nutrition, 7(5), 1704-1714.
13. Genesys 2021. Genesys Global Portal on Plant Genetic Resources. www.genesys-pgr.org. (Accessed 05.09.2021).
14. György, Z., Incze, N., & Pluhár, Z. (2020). Differentiating Thymus vulgaris chemotypes with ISSR molecular markers. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 92, 104118.
15. Jordán, M. J., Martínez, R. M., Martínez, C., Monino, I., & Sotomayor, J. A. (2009). Polyphenolic extract and essential oil quality of Thymus zygis ssp. gracilis shrubs cultivated under different watering levels. Industrial crops and products, 29(1), 145-153.
16. Kocabas, Y. Z., & Karaman, S. (2001). Essential oils of Lamiaceae family from south east Mediterranean region (Turkey). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(10), 1221-1223.
17. Könemann, B. J. H. K. G. C. P. (1999). The illustrated AZ of over 10,000 garden plants and how to cultivate them. 51-53.
18. Liu, F., Jin, P., Sun, Z., Du, L., Wang, D., Zhao, T., & Doyle, M. P. (2021). Carvacrol oil inhibits biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production of Enterobacter cloacae. Food Control, 119, 107473.
19. Mockute, D., & Bernotiene, G. (2001). The α-terpenyl acetate chemotype of essential oil of Thymus pulegioides L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 29(1), 69-76.
20. Nikolić, M., Glamočlija, J., Ferreira, I. C., Calhelha, R. C., Fernandes, Â., Marković, T., ... & Soković, M. (2014). Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 52, 183-190.
21. Ortiz PL, Fernandez I (1992). Microscobic Study of Honey and Apiary Pollci From the Province of Sevile. Departmento de Biologia Vegetaly, Ecologia facultad de Biologia, Apdo, 1095.41080, Sevilla Spain, Abstract.
22. Ozen, T., Demirtas, I., & Aksit, H. (2011). Determination of antioxidant activities of various extracts and essential oil compositions of Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii. Food Chemistry, 124(1), 58-64.
23. Özgüven, M., & Kirici, S. (2002). Domestication and Determination of Drug and Essential Oil Yield of Thymus eigii (M. Zohary et PH Davis) Jalas. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Agricultural and Quality Aspects of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Vol. 29, pp. 255-261).
24. Özgüven, M., & Șekeroğlu, N. (2008). The effects of different harvesting time and drying methods on the yield and essential oil content of Thymus eigii (M. Zohary et PH Davis) Jalas. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries,(5th CMAPSEEC), Brno, Czech Republic, 2-5 September, 2008. Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno.
25. Özgüven, M., & Tansi, S. (1998). Drug yield and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. as in influenced by ecological and ontogenetical variation. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22(6), 537-542.
26. Pavela, R., & Sedlák, P. (2018). Post-application temperature as a factor influencing the insecticidal activity of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris. Industrial Crops and Products, 113, 46-49.
27. Rasooli, I., & Mirmostafa, S. A. J. F. (2002). Antibacterial properties of Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. 73(3), 244-250.
28. Rathod, N. B., Kulawik, P., Ozogul, F., Regenstein, J. M., & Ozogul, Y. (2021). Biological activity of plant-based carvacrol and thymol and their impact on human health and food quality. Trends in Food Science & Technology.
29. Rota, M. C., Herrera, A., Martínez, R. M., Sotomayor, J. A., & Jordán, M. J. (2008). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils. Food control, 19(7), 681-687.
30. Ryman, D. (1992). Aromatherapy: the encyclopedia of plants and oils and how they help you: Piatkus Books.
31. Sharifi-Rad, M., Varoni, E. M., Iriti, M., Martorell, M., Setzer, W. N., del Mar, C. M., ... & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Carvacrol and human health: a comprehensive review. Phyther Res 32: 1675–1687.
32. Sotomayor, J. A., Martínez, R. M., García, A. J., & Jordán, M. J. (2004). Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis: watering level effect on phytomass production and essential oil quality. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(17), 5418-5424.
33. Stahl-Biskup, E. J. J. o. E. O. R. (1991). The chemical composition of Thymus oils: a review of the literature 1960–1989. 3(2), 61-82.
34. Tepe, B., Daferera, D., Sökmen, M., Polissiou, M., & Sökmen, A. (2004). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and various extracts of Thymus eigii M. Zohary et PH Davis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(5), 1132-1137.
35. Thompson, J. D., Chalchat, J. C., Michet, A., Linhart, Y. B., & Ehlers, B. (2003). Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. Journal of chemical ecology, 29(4), 859-880.
36. TÜBİVES (2021). Retrieved 14 October 2021, from http://194.27.225.161/yasin/tubives/index.php
37. Ulukanli, Z., Cenet, M., Ince, H., & Yilmaztekin, M. (2018). Antimicrobial and herbicidal activities of the essential oil from the Mediterranean Thymus eigii. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 21(1), 214-222.
38. Vaičiulytė, V., Ložienė, K., Taraškevičius, R., & Butkienė, R. (2017). Variation of essential oil composition of Thymus pulegioides in relation to soil chemistry. Industrial Crops and Products, 95, 422-433.
39. Xu, J., Zhou, F., Ji, B. P., Pei, R. S., & Xu, N. (2008). The antibacterial mechanism of carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli. Letters in applied microbiology, 47(3), 174-179.