Nehirlerde Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Hidrodinamik Modellenmesi

Öz

Plastik atıklar, günümüzün en önemli çevresel sorunlarından biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu atıkların kaynaklarının çoğu karasal olduğundan, çalışmalarda tatlı su ve karasal çevreye odaklanılmaktadır. Tatlı su kaynaklarından nehirler ise, denizlere ve okyanuslara mikroplastik taşıyan en önemli kaynaktır. Bu nedenle, nehirlerde mikroplastik kirliliğinin anlaşılabilmesi önemlidir. Bu derleme çalışmada mikroplastikler ve ekosistemlere giriş yolları, nehirlerde mikroplastiklerin akıbeti ve taşınımı ile ilgili yapılan hidrodinamik modellerin öncü çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Mikroplastiklerin nehirlerde taşınımında zamana ve mekana bağlı değişimi tartışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mikroplastik
• Nehir
• Modelleme

Microplastic Pollution and Hydrodynamic Modeling in Rivers

Abstract

Plastic waste has been recognized as one of the most important environmental problems of today. Since most of the sources of these wastes are terrestrial, studies focus on fresh water and terrestrial environment. Rivers, which are one of the fresh water resources, are the most important source of microplastics to the seas and oceans. Therefore, it is important to be able to understand microplastic pollution in rivers. In this review, pioneering studies of hydrodynamic models on microplastics and their entry routes into ecosystems, fate and transport of microplastics in rivers are examined. The temporal and spatial variation of the transport of microplastics in rivers is discussed.

Keywords

• Microplastic
• River
• Modelling.

Kaynakça

1. Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A.,Narayan, R., Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.Science 347, 768e771.
2. Andrady, A.L., (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(8): 1596-1605.
3. Besseling E, Quik JTK, Koelmans AA (2014) Modeling the fate of nano- and microplastics in freshwater systems. SETAC Annual Meeting, Basel, Switzerland.
4. Besseling E, Quik JTK, Sun M, Koelmans AA (2017) Fate of nano- and microplastic in freshwater systems: a modeling study. Environ Pollut 220:540–548
5. Nizzetto L, Bussi G, Futter MN et al (2016) A theoretical assessment of microplastic transport in river catchments and their retention by soils and river sediments. Environ Sci Process Impacts 18:1050–1059
6. Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D, Russell AE (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic Science 304(5672):838–838.
7. Erni-Cassola, G., Gibson, M. I., Thompson, R. C., Christie-Oleza, J. A. (2017). Lost, but found with Nile red: a novel method for detecting and quantifying small microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in environmental samples. Environmental science & technology, 51(23), 13641-13648.
8. Van Cauwenberghe, L., Devriese, L., Galgani, F., Robbens J., Janssen, C.R., 2015. Microplastics in sediments: A review of techniques, occurrence and effects, Marine Environmental Research 111, 5-17

9. Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605.
10. Fendall LS, Sewell MA (2009) Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1225–1228.
11. Abbasi, S., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Delshab, H., Soltani, N., & Sorooshian, A., 2017, Investigation of microrubbers, microplastics and heavy metals in street dust: a study in Bushehr city, Iran, Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(23), 798.
12. Browne, M. A., Crump, P., Niven, S. J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., & Thompson, R., 2011, Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks, Environmental Science & Technology, 45(21), 9175-917
13. Lattin, G. L., Moore, C. J., Zellers, A. F., Moore, S. L., & Weisberg, S. B., 2004, A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton at different depths near the southern California shore, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49(4), 291-294.
14. Rummel, C. D., Jahnke, A., Gorokhova, E., Kühnel, D., & Schmitt-Jansen, M., 2017, Impacts of biofilm formation on the fate and potential effects of microplastic in the aquatic environment, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4(7), 258-267.
15. Wu, W. M., Yang, J., & Criddle, C. (2017). Microplastics pollution and reduction strategies.Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(1), 6.
16. GESAMP (The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 2016. Sources, Fate and Effects of Microplastics In The Marine Environment: Part Two of A Global Assessment, International Maritime Organization, Reports and Studies No 93, 221 p
17. Akarsu, C., Kıdeyş, A.E., Kumbur, H., (2017). Evsel atık su arıtma tesislerinin sucul ekosisteme mikroplastik tehditi, Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 74(EK-1), 73-78.
18. Mani T, Hauk A, Walter U, Burkhardt-Holm P (2015) Microplastics profile along the Rhine river. Sci Rep 5:17988
19. Yonkos, L. T., Friedel, E. A., Perez-Reyes, A. C., Ghosal, S., & Arthur, C. D., (2014), Microplastics in four estuarine rivers in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, Environmental Science & Technology, 48(24), 14195-14202.
20. Nizzetto L, Bussi G, Futter MN et al (2016) A theoretical assessment of microplastic transport in river catchments and their retention by soils and river sediments. Environ Sci Process Impacts 18:1050–1059
21. Lebreton, L. C., Van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J. W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J., 2017, River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans, Nature Communications, 8, 15611.
22. Kataoka T., Nihei Y., Kudou K., Hinata H.2019. Assessment of the sources and inflow processes of microplastics in the river environments of Japan. Environmental Pollution, 244.
23. Carr, S.A., Liu, J., Tesoro, A.G., 2016. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water. Res. 91, 174-182.
24. Jambeck J, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347:768–771
25. Kershaw, P.J., Rochman, C.M., 2016. Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part 2 of a global assessment. Rep. Stud. 93, 221.
26. Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R.C., Aldridge, D.C., 2015. Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res. 75, 63-82.
27. Dris R, Imhof H, Sanchez W et al (2015) Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-)plastic particles. Environ Chem 12(5):539–550
28. Verster, C., Minnaar, K. and Bouwman, H. (2017), Marine and freshwater microplastic research in South Africa. Integr Environ Assess Manag, 13: 533-535.
29. Lebreton LCM et al (2017) River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nat Commun 8:15611
30. Nizzetto L, Langaas S, Futter M (2016) Pollution: do microplastics spill on to farm soils? Nature 537(7621):488
31. Schmidt, C., Krauth, T., Wagner, S., 2017. Export of plastic debris by rivers into the sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 12246-12253.
32. Carr, S.A., Liu, J., Tesoro, A.G., 2016. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res. 91, 174-182.
33. Murphy, F., Ewins, C., Carbonnier, F., Quinn, B., 2016. Wastewater treatment Works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 5800e5808.
34. Leslie, H.A., van Velzen, M.J.M., Vethaak, A.D., 2013. Microplastic Survey of the Dutch Environment: Novel Data Set of Microplastics in North Sea Sediments, Treated Wastewater Effluents and Marine Biota. Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
35. McCormick, A., Hoellein, T.J., Mason, S.A., Schluep, J., Kelly, J.J., 2014. Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river, 48, 11863-11871.
36. Ji Z-G (2008) Hydrodynamics and water quality: modeling rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Wiley, Hoboken
37. Ani E-C, Wallis S, Kraslawski A, Agachi PS (2009) Development, calibration and evaluation of two mathematical models for pollutant transport in a small river. Environ Model Softw 24:1139–1152
38. Kowalski N, Reichardt AM, Waniek JJ (2016) Sinking rates of microplastics and potential implications of their alteration by physical, biological, and chemical factors. Mar Pollut Bull 109(1):310–319
39. Khatmullina L, Isachenko I (2016) Settling velocity of microplastic particles of regular shapes. Mar Pollut Bull 114(2):871–880
40. Sterl, M. F., Delandmeter, P., & van Sebille, E. (2020). Influence of barotropic tidal currents on transport and accumulation of floating microplastics in the global open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125
41. DoblerD. , T. Huck, C. Maes, N. Grima, B. Blanke, E. Martinez, F. Ardhuin Large impact of Stokes drift on the fate of surface floating debris in the South Indian Basin Mar. Pollut. Bull., 148 (2019), pp. 202-209
42. Ding Y. , H. Liu, W. Yang Numerical prediction of the short-term trajectory of microplastic particles in Laizhou Bay Water, 11 (2019), Article e2251.
43. Quik J.T.K. , J.J.M. de Klein, A.A. Koelmans Spatially explicit fate modelling of nanomaterials in natural waters Water Res., 80 (2015), pp. 200-208,