Dağıtık Üretime Sahip Şebekelerde Yük Karakteristiklerinin Koruma Sistemi Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının yaygınlaşması ile "Dağıtık Üretim" bir terim olarak elektrik şebekelerinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Elektrik şebekesine bağlanan Dağıtık Üretim birimleri ile çift yönlü elektrik akışı söz konusudur. Bu nedenle şebekede koruma görevini yönlü elemanlar üstlenmektedir. Dağıtım şebekelerinde ise aşırı akım koruması için Yönlü Aşırı Akım Rölesi kullanılmaktadır. Kullanılan rölelerin sistemin bütününde koordinasyon içinde çalışması, koruma sisteminin etkin şekilde kullanılması açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada baralara bağlı olan yük tipleri ile röle koordinasyonu arasındaki ilişki analiz edilmiştir. Farklı yük dağılımları kullanıldığında seçilen ayar grubuna sistemin nasıl tepki verdiği ve açma sürelerindeki değişiklikler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada IEEE 14 baralı test sisteminin dağıtım kısmı, test sistemi olarak kullanılmıştır. Ele alınan sistem ETAP (Elektrik Güç Sistemi Analiz Programı) programı ile modellenmiştir ve simüle edilmiştir. Rölelerin koordinasyonu için gerekli olan Zaman Kadranı Ayarı (TDS) değerleri, GAMS (Genel Cebirsel Modelleme Sistemi) aracı ile optimize edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda statik yük yoğunluğu arttıkça toplam röle açma süresinin arttığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yönlü Aşırı Akım Rölesi
• Dağıtık Üretim
• Statik Yük
• Motor Yükü
• Zaman Kadranı Ayarı

Investigation of Effect of Load Characteristics on Protection System in Distributed Generation Integrated Networks

Abstract

"Distributed Generation" term is being used in electricity networks in response to the widespread use of Renewable Energy Resources in the network. When Distributed Generation units are connected to the electricity grid, the power flow becomes bidirectional. For this reason, directional elements undertake the task of protection in the network. In distribution networks, Directional Overcurrent Relay is used for overcurrent protection. It is important for the effectiveness of the protection system that the relays used work in coordination throughout the system. In this study, the relationship between the load types connected to the busbars and the relay coordination is analyzed. When different load distributions are used, how the system responds to the selected relay setting group and the changes in opening times are examined. In the study, the distribution part of the IEEE 14 busbar test system is used as the test system. The simulation of the system is modeled on ETAP (Electrical Power System Analysis Program). The Time Dial Setting (TDS) values required for the coordination of the relays have been optimized with the GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) tool. As a result of the study, it was seen that the total relay opening time increased as the static load ratio increased.

Keywords

• Directional Overcurrent Relay
• Distributed Generation
• Static Load
• Motor Load
• Time Dial Setting

Kaynakça

1. Abacı, K., Yalçın, M., & Gelberi, H. (2002). ELEKTRiKSEL YÜKLERİN DİNAMiK BENZETiMLERİ. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 77-81.
2. Alam, M. N. (2018). Adaptive protection coordination scheme using numerical directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15(1), 64-73.
3. Alkaran, D. S., Vatani, M. R., Sanjari, M. J., Gharehpetian, G. B., & Naderi, M. S. (2016). Optimal overcurrent relay coordination in interconnected networks by using fuzzy-based GA method. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(4), 3091-3101.
4. Chattopadhyay, B., Sachdev, M. S., & Sidhu, T. S. (1996). An on-line relay coordination algorithm for adaptive protection using linear programming technique. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 11(1), 165-173.
5. Coffele, F., Booth, C., & Dyśko, A. (2014). An adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 30(2), 561-568.
6. Darabi, A., Bagheri, M., & Gharehpetian, G. B. (2020). Dual feasible direction-finding nonlinear programming combined with metaheuristic approaches for exact overcurrent relay coordination. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 114, 105420.
7. Elrafie, H. B., & Irving, M. R. (1993). Linear programming for directional overcurrent relay coordination in interconnected power systems with constraint relaxation. Electric power systems research, 27(3), 209-216.
8. Ender, O. Ğ. U. Z., Yavuz, A. T. E. Ş., & HEKİMOĞLU, M. (2019). Yeni Nesil Elektrik Dağıtım Şebekeleri İçin Çok Fonksiyonlu Dijital Aşırı Akım Rölesi Tasarımı ve Geliştirilmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (16), 915-924.

9. Evkay, I., Ashraf, S., Baysal, M., Selamogullari, U. S., & Hasan, O. (2020, October). Single Dual Setting Directional Over-current Relay Based Line Protection Logic for Distributed Generation Integrated Power Systems. In 2020 2nd Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM) (pp. 245-250). IEEE.
10. Horak, J. (2006, April). Directional overcurrent relaying (67) concepts. In 59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006. (pp. 13-pp). IEEE.
11. Hou, J., Xu, Z., & Dong, Z. Y. (2011, July). Load modeling practice in a smart grid environment. In 2011 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT) (pp. 7-13). IEEE.
12. Khanbabapour, S., & Golshan, M. H. (2016). Synchronous DG planning for simultaneous improvement of technical, overcurrent, and timely anti-islanding protection indices of the network to preserve protection coordination. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 32(1), 474-483.
13. Kumar, D. S., Srinivasan, D., Sharma, A., & Reindl, T. (2018). Adaptive directional overcurrent relaying scheme for meshed distribution networks. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12(13), 3212-3220.
14. Prabhu, J. A. X., Sharma, S., Nataraj, M., & Tripathi, D. P. (2016, March). Design of electrical system based on load flow analysis using ETAP for IEC projects. In 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
15. Sharaf, H. M., Zeineldin, H. H., Ibrahim, D. K., & Essam, E. L. (2015). A proposed coordination strategy for meshed distribution systems with DG considering user-defined characteristics of directional inverse time overcurrent relays. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 65, 49-58.
16. Sharaf, H. M., Zeineldin, H. H., & El-Saadany, E. (2016). Protection coordination for microgrids with grid-connected and islanded capabilities using communication assisted dual setting directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(1), 143-151.
17. Soroudi, A. (2017). Introduction to Programming in GAMS. In Power System Optimization Modeling in GAMS (pp. 1-32). Springer, Cham.
18. Srinivas, S. T. P., & Swarup, K. S. (2019). A new mixed integer linear programming formulation for protection relay coordination using disjunctive inequalities. IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, 6(2), 104-112.
19. Std, I. (1989). 60255-3. Electrical relays-Part 3: Single input energizing quantity measuring relays with dependent or independent time.
20. Urdaneta, A. J., Nadira, R., & Jimenez, L. P. (1988). Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 3(3), 903-911.
21. Yang, H., Wen, F., & Ledwich, G. (2013). Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays in distribution systems with distributed generators based on differential evolution algorithm. International transactions on electrical energy systems, 23(1), 1-12.
22. Yazdaninejadi, A., Nazarpour, D., & Golshannavaz, S. (2017). Dual-setting directional over-current relays: An optimal coordination in multiple source meshed distribution networks. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 86, 163-176.
23. Zeienldin, H., El-Saadany, E. F., & Salama, M. A. (2004, July). A novel problem formulation for directional overcurrent relay coordination. In 2004 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering (IEEE Cat. No. 04EX819) (pp. 48-52). IEEE.