Kentsel Arıcılık Kuralları ve Zorlukları

Öz

Bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.), dünyada en yaygın yetiştirilen ve hem ekonomik hem de ekolojik bakımdan çok önemli bir böcek türüdür. Kentsel alanlarda kırsal alanlara oranla hem pestisit hem de parazit yükünün daha düşük olması ve daha fazla çiçekli bitki çeşitliliğinin bulunması gibi birçok sebepten dolayı son yıllarda kentsel alanlarda da bal arısı yetiştiriciliği giderek artmaya ve bütün dünyada popüler olmaya başlamıştır. Günümüzde bal arısı kolonileri kent merkezlerindeki binaların çatı ve teraslarından evlerin arka bahçelerine kadar her yerde bulunmaktadır. Kentsel arıcılık uygulamaları banliyö ve kırsal alanlardaki uygulamalara benzer olmakla birlikte, yoğun nüfuslu kentsel ortamlarda, kent arıcıları kovan yerleştirme, koloni yönetimi, oğul ve yağmacılığı önleme, su kaynağı temini, insan/arı etkileşimi ve arı dışkısı gibi birçok konuda zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Kentsel arıcılık yeni endişeler de yaratmaktadır. Şehirlerde artan bal arısı koloni yoğunlukları, bal arısı koloni verimliliğini azaltmasının yanı sıra parazit ve patojenleri bulaştırarak ve nektar ve polen kaynakları için rekabet ederek yabani arı türlerini olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Bu nedenle kentsel arıcılık faaliyetlerinde riskleri en aza, faydaları en üst düzeye çıkaracak düzenlemelere ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede, kent arıcılığına ilişkin güncel düzenlemeler ele alınmış ve kent sakinlerinden gelen şikâyetlerin azaltılmasına yönelik bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kentsel Arıcılık
• Düzenlemeler
• Zorluklar
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• Arı Ürünleri

Urban Beekeeping Rules and Challenges

Abstract

Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is the most widely grown insect species in the world and is very important both economically and ecologically. Recently, keeping honey bees in urban areas is becoming also increasingly pop-ular around the world due to many reasons such as the presence of more flowering plant diversity in parks, gardens and other green areas of urban areas compared to rural areas, and the lower risk of both pesticides and parasites in urban areas. Today, honey bee colonies are found everywhere, from the roofs and terraces of buildings in city cores to suburban backyards. While urban beekeeping practices are similar to those in suburban and rural areas, in densely populated urban environment, urban beekeepers face many challenges such as hive placement, colony management, preventing of swarming and robbing, provision of water source, human/bee interaction and bee poo. Urban beekeeping creates new concerns. Increased honey bee colony densities in cities might have negative effects on wild bee species by transmitting parasites and pathogens and by competing for nectar and pollen resources in addition to honey bee colony productivity. There is, therefore, a need for good urban beekeeping regulations to maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks. In this review, current regulations regarding urban beekeeping were addressed and some suggestions were presented to reduce complaints from city dwellers.

Keywords

• Urban Beekeeping
• Regulations
• Challenges
• Sustainability
• Bee products

Kaynakça

1. Abella, J. C. and Moretti, M. (2022). Challenging the sustainability of urban beekeeping using evidence from Swiss cities. Urban Sustainability, 2(3), 1-5. Alton, K. and Ratnieks, F. (2016). Roof top hives: Practical beekeeping or publicity stunt?, Bee World, 93(3), 64-67. Boma. (2019). Guide to urban beekeeping. Boma, Canada, bomacanada.com, p 38.
2. Bilo, B. M. and Bonifazi, F. (2008). Epidemiology of insect-venom anaphylaxis. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 8, 330–337.
3. Burucu, V. (2021). Ürün Raporu Arıcılık, 2021. Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü, TEPGE, Yayın No: 330, 30s.
4. Cohen, H., Quistberg, R. D. and Philpott, S. M. (2017). Vegetation management and host density influence bee–parasite interactions in urban gardens. Environmental Entomology, 46 (6), 1313–1321.
5. Egerer, M. and Kowarik, I. (2020). Confronting the modern Gordian knot of urban beekeeping. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35 (11), 956-959.
6. Garbuzov, M. and Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2014). Lattice fence and hedge barriers around an apiary increase honey bee flight height and decrease stings to people nearby. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(1), 67-74.
7. Graham, J. M. (2003). The hive and honey bee. Dadant & Sons. Hamilton, Illinois, p 1324.
8. Gürel, F. (2012). Arıcılık sektörü ve etik ilkeler. TSE, Standart Ekonomik ve Teknik Dergi. 601, 74–79.

9. Henry, M. and Rodet, G. (2018). Controlling the impact of the managed honey bee on wild bees in protected areas. Scientific Reports, 8, 9308.
10. Korkmaz, A. (2013). Anlaşılabilir arıcılık. Türker Matbaacılık, Samsun, 330 s.
11. Mahe, C., Jumarie, C. and Boily, M. (2021). The countryside or the city: Which environment is better for the honeybee? Environmental Research, 195, 110784.
12. Mallinger, R. E., Gaines, H. R. and Gratton, C. (2017). Do managed bees have negative Effects on wild bees? A systematic review of the literature. PLoS ONE, 12 (12), 1–32.
13. Matsuzawa, T. and Kohsaka, R. (2021). Status and trends of urban beekeeping regulations: A global review. Earth, 2, 933–942.
14. Matsuzawa, T. and Kohsaka, R. (2022). A systematic review of urban beekeeping regulations of Australia, the United States, and Japan: Towards evidence-based policy making. Bee World, 99 (3)1-5.
15. Melathopoulos, A., Rodia, R.M., Holt, J. and Sagili, R. ( 2018). Residential beekeeping, best-practice guidelines for nuisance-free beekeeping in Oregon. Oregon State University Extension Service, EM 9186, 17 p.
16. NSW Government Report. (2000). Inquiry into beekeeping in urban areas. Report, August 2000. The Government of New South Wales, p.29. Öder, E. (2006). Uygulamalı arıcılık. Meta Basım Matbaacılık. İzmir, 642 s.
17. Ropars, L., Dajoz, I., Fontaine, C., Muratet, A. and Geslin, B. (2019). Wild pollinator activity negatively related to honey bee colony densities in urban context. PLoS ONE, 14(9), e0222316 .
18. Sponsler, D.B. and Bratman, E.Z. (2021). Beekeeping in, of or for the city? A socioecological perspective on urban apiculture. People and Nature, 3, 550-559.
19. Tasmanian Beekeepers Association . (2014). Code of practice for urban beekeeping in Tasmania, Tasmanian Beekeepers Association Inc (TBA), p 11.
20. UC anr. (2018). Bees in the neighborhood: Best practices for urban beekeepers. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services, ANR Publication 8596, pp 19.
21. Weinreich, C. (2020). A transportation service for urban beehives. Thesis BFA, Universitet Umea, p 53.