A Brief Overview of the Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials from Biomass

Abstract

Biomass from agricultural waste offers an abundant, natural and affordable carbon source for the synthesis of value-added carbonaceous materials. The conversion of these agricultural wastes into nanoscale products relies on the development of environmentally friendly, affordable, simple and scalable new synthesis methods for commercial production of graphene-type nanomaterials. However, all agricultural waste acts as a carbonaceous product required for GO production. Based on this, in this study, new biomass materials and economical approaches were proposed to prepare GO. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of graphene synthesis methods were discussed and green nanotechnology was examined. Some studies on the synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials from biomass were examined and the place of graphene in health applications was investigated. How lignocellulosic biomass was converted into carbon-based nanomaterials was investigated and its mechanism was discussed.

Keywords

• Agricultural waste
• Green synthesis
• Graphene oxide
• Graphene
• Nanomaterial

Biyokütlelerden Karbon Bazlı Nanomalzemelerin Sentezi Üzerine Kısa Bir Bakış

Öz

Tarımsal atık kaynaklı biyokütleler, katma değerli karbonlu malzemelerin sentezi için bol, doğal ve uygun fiyatlı bir karbon kaynağı sunmaktadır. Bu tarımsal atıkların nano ölçekli ürünlere dönüştürülmesi, grafen tipi nanomalzemelerin ticari üretimi için çevre dostu, uygun fiyatlı, basit ve ölçeklenebilir yeni sentez yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine dayanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, tüm tarımsal atıklar, GO üretimi için gerekli olan karbonlu bir ürün görevi görmektedir. Buna dayanarak, bu çalışmada, GO hazırlamak için yeni biyokütle malzemeleri ve ekonomik yaklaşımlar önerilmektedir. Bununla beraber, grafen sentez yöntemlerinin avantaj ve dezavantajları tartışılarak yeşil nanoteknoloji incelenmiştir. Biyokütlelerden karbon bazlı nanomalzemelerin sentezi üzerine yapılan bazı çalışmalar incelenerek grafenin sağlık uygulamalarındaki yeri araştırılmıştır. Lignoselülozik biyokütlelerin karbon temelli nanomalzemelere nasıl dönüştürüldüğü araştırılarak mekanizması tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarımsal atık
• Yeşil sentez
• Grafen oksit
• Grafen
• Nanomalzeme

Kaynakça

1. Abhilash, Vaidyanathan Swetha, and Pratima Meshram. 2022. “An Overview on Chemical Processes for Synthesis of Graphene from Waste Carbon Resources.” Carbon Letters 32(3):653–69.
2. Ahuja, Vishal, Arvind Kumar Bhatt, Sunita Varjani, Kwon Young Choi, Sang Hyoun Kim, Yung Hun Yang, and Shashi Kant Bhatia. 2022. “Quantum Dot Synthesis from Waste Biomass and Its Applications in Energy and Bioremediation.” Chemosphere 293(September 2021):133564.
3. Amir Faiz, M. S., C. A. Che Azurahanim, Y. Yazid, A. B. Suriani, and M. J. Siti Nurul Ain. 2020. “Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide from Tea Waste and It’s Photocatalytic Application of TiO2/Graphene Nanocomposite.” Materials Research Express 7(1).
4. Arifin, Nur Fatihah Tajul, Norhaniza Yusof, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Juhana Jaafar, Farhana Aziz, and Wan Norhayati Wan Salleh. 2020. “Graphene from Waste and Bioprecursors Synthesis Method and Its Application: A Review.” Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16(3):342–50.
5. Baweja, Himani, and Kiran Jeet. 2019. “Economical and Green Synthesis of Graphene and Carbon Quantum Dots from Agricultural Waste.” Materials Research Express 6(8).
6. Berktas, Ilayda, Marjan Hezarkhani, Leila Haghighi Poudeh, and Burcu Saner Okan. 2020. “Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Graphene and Graphene-like Structures from Waste Sources by Recycling and Upcycling Technologies: A Review.” Graphene Technology 5(3–4):59–73.
7. Hashmi, Ayesha, Ajaya K. Singh, Bhawana Jain, and Ambrish Singh. 2020. “Muffle Atmosphere Promoted Fabrication of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle by Agricultural Waste.” Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 28(8):627–36.
8. Kamal, Afiqah Samsul, Rapidah Othman, and Noor H. Jabarullah. 2020. “Preparation and Synthesis of Synthetic Graphite from Biomass Waste: A Review.” Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11(2):881–94.

9. Kamal Ghadiri, Seid, Hossein Alidadi, Nahid Tavakkoli Nezhad, Allahbakhsh Javid, Aliakbar Roudbari, Seyedeh Solmaz Talebi, Ali Akbar Mohammadi, Mahmoud Shams, and Shahabaldin Rezania. 2020. “Valorization of Biomass into Aminefunctionalized Bio Graphene for Efficient Ciprofloxacin Adsorption in Water-Modeling and Optimization Study.” PLoS ONE 15(4):1–19.
10. Karami, Maryam, Qahtan A. Yousif, Mojgan Ghanbari, Kamran Mahdavi, and Masoud Salavati-Niasari. 2022. “Green Fabrication of Graphene Quantum Dots from Cotton with CaSiO3 Nanostructure and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for Water Treatment.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47(11):7228–41.
11. Karna, Priya, Madhav Ghimire, Sanjay Mishra, and Sunil Karna. 2017. “Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanospheres.” OALib 04(05):1–7.
12. McDonald-Wharry, John, Merilyn Manley-Harris, and Kim Pickering. 2013. “Carbonisation of Biomass-Derived Chars and the Thermal Reduction of a Graphene Oxide Sample Studied Using Raman Spectroscopy.” Carbon 59:383–405.
13. Mohan, Anu N., Manoj B, and Sandhya Panicker. 2019. “Facile Synthesis of Graphene-Tin Oxide Nanocomposite Derived from Agricultural Waste for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.” Scientific Reports 9(1):1–12.
14. Purkait, Taniya, Guneet Singh, Mandeep Singh, Dinesh Kumar, and Ramendra Sundar Dey. 2017. “Large Area Few-Layer Graphene with Scalable Preparation from Waste Biomass for High-Performance Supercapacitor.” Scientific Reports 7(1):1–14.
15. Rajagopal, Rajapandian, Masaharu Komiyama, and Azry Borhan. 2021. “Preparation of Graphene Oxide from Lignin by Gel Combustion Method and Its Performance as Supercapacitor.” E3S Web of Conferences 287:04007.
16. Safian, Muhammad Taqi-udeen, Umirah Syafiqah Haron, and Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim. 2020. “A Review on Bio-Based Graphene Derived from Biomass Wastes.” BioResources 15(4):9756–85.
17. Saha, Jhantu Kumar, and Animesh Dutta. 2021. A Review of Graphene: Material Synthesis from Biomass Sources. Springer Netherlands.
18. Sahila Grace, A., and G. S. Prabha Littis Malar. 2020. “Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide from Coconut Husk Ash.” Oriental Journal of Chemistry 36(02):348–52.
19. Singhal, Kavita, Sameena Mehtab, Minakshi Pandey, and M. G. H. Zaidi. 2022. “Sustainable Development of Graphene Oxide from Pine Leaves for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Corrosion Protection.” Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 5(September 2021):100266.
20. Somanathan, Thirunavukkarasu, Karthika Prasad, Kostya Ostrikov, Arumugam Saravanan, and Vemula Krishna. 2015. “Graphene Oxide Synthesis from Agro Waste.” Nanomaterials 5(2):826–34.
21. supriadi, cipta panghegar, Evvy Kartini, Wagiyo Honggowiranto, and Kris Tri Basuki. 2017. “Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Material Obtained from Coconut Coir Dust by Hydrothermal and Pyrolytic Processes.” International Journal of Technology 8(8):1470.
22. Tamilselvi, R., M. Ramesh, G. S. Lekshmi, Olha Bazaka, Igor Levchenko, Kateryna Bazaka, and M. Mandhakini. 2020. “Graphene Oxide-Based Supercapacitors from Agricultural Wastes: A Step to Mass Production of Highly Efficient Electrodes for Electrical Transportation Systems.” Renewable Energy 151:731–39.
23. Valentini, F., A. Calcaterra, V. Ruggiero, Di Giacobbe, and M. Botta. 2018. “Graphene as Nanocarrier in Drug Delivery.” JSM Nanotechnol Nanomed 6(1):1060.
24. Yan, Yuxin, Fathima Zahra Nashath, Sharon Chen, Sivakumar Manickam, Siew Shee Lim, Haitao Zhao, Edward Lester, Tao Wu, and Cheng Heng Pang. 2020. “Synthesis of Graphene: Potential Carbon Precursors and Approaches.” Nanotechnology Reviews 9(1):1284–1314.
25. Zhu, Linlin, Tiejun Shi, and Ying Chen. 2015. “Preparation and Characteristics of Graphene Oxide from the Biomass Carbon Material Using Fir Powder as Precursor.” Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 23(11):961–67.