A Research on Sources of Heavy Metal and Organic Matter Pollution of Recent Sediments in Northwestern Marmara Sea and Precautions to be Taken

Abstract

Tekirdağ and Istanbul cities are residential areas that are situated in the northwestern shores of Marmara Sea. Both cities constitute an important part of Türkiye in terms of population density, agriculture, industry, and marine transportation. Because of the mentioned activities, polluting materials reach the Marmara Sea in the area either directly or indirectly through rivers, thus polluting the Marmara Sea. This study investigates the sources of heavy metal and organic matter pollution in northwestern Marmara aquatic sediments and which precautions should be taken. Sediment samples were taken through “gravity core” technique in the study, and element analysis and organic matter value of these samples were obtained. Arsenic (As) was found to be high generally in all locations in the study. Zinc (Zn) is very high in locations 1-7, 14, and 20. Upon examining the geographic map of the area, these locations which are high in pollution are either next to the residential areas or are discharge areas of polluted rivers. It is interesting that other elements are also higher than normal in these locations. The fact thar As and Zn are found more in aquatic environments sheds light on the irresponsible and excessive agricultural spraying and fertilizer use. In addition, the impact of industrial activities is also visible for this pollution. Location number 12 where Cobalt (Co) levels are very high is around Fevzipaşa residential area, and it can be seen that a river flows into the sea at this point. It can be seen in these analyses that one of the main reasons of pollution in aquatic sediments are the rivers discharging to the sea from the land. It can be seen in the study areas that the organic carbon percentage (%TOC) has high levels particularly in the discharge points of rivers into the sea. The fact that the TOC level is high shows that pollution is an inland plant-based pollution. Nitrogen levels, however, are relatively low (%N: 0.03-0.09) in locations where TOC levels are high. It is thought that eutrophication might be low in areas where nitrogen (N) levels are below 20 g/kg. high carbon concentrations in the sediments, however, show that biological break down of carbon matters is slow. In order to prevent the pollutions found here, contents of the fertilizers and sprays used in agricultural activities should be analysed. Furthermore, analyses should be made on agricultural lands before the fertilization and spraying. Industrial waste should be discharged to the sea after it is refined in advanced treatment facilities, and ships should be prevented from discharging their waste in the sea in maritime shipping.

Keywords

• Soil
• Polluttion
• TOC
• IC
• OC
• Marmara Sea

Kuzeybatı Marmara Denizi’ndeki Sedimentlerin Ağır Metal ve Organik Madde Kirliliğinin Kaynakları ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Öz

Tekirdağ ve İstanbul şehirleri, Marmara Denizi'nin kuzeybatı kıyılarında yer alan yerleşim alanlarıdır. Her iki şehir de nüfus yoğunluğu, tarım, sanayi ve deniz ulaşımı açısından Türkiye'nin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu faaliyetler nedeniyle bölgedeki kirletici maddeler doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak akarsular aracılığıyla Marmara Denizi'ne ulaşmakta ve böylece Marmara Denizi'ni kirletmektedir. Bu çalışmada kuzeybatı Marmara'daki sucul sedimanlarda ağır metal ve organik madde kirliliğinin kaynakları ve hangi önlemlerin alınması gerektiği araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada “gravity core” tekniği ile sediment örnekleri alınmış ve bu örneklerin element analizi ve organik madde değerleri elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada genel olarak tüm lokasyonlarda arsenik (As) yüksek bulunmuştur. Çinko (Zn) 1-7, 14 ve 20 numaralı lokasyonlarda oldukça yüksektir. Bölgenin coğrafi haritası incelendiğinde kirliliğin yüksek olduğu bu lokasyonların ya yerleşim yerlerinin yakınında ya da kirlenmiş nehirlerin deşarj alanları olduğu görülmektedir. Bu lokasyonlarda diğer unsurların da normalden yüksek olması ilginçtir. As ve Zn'nin sucul ortamlarda daha fazla bulunması, sorumsuz ve aşırı tarımsal ilaçlama ve gübre kullanımına ışık tutmaktadır. Ayrıca bu kirlilikte endüstriyel faaliyetlerin etkisi de görülmektedir. Kobalt (Co) seviyelerinin oldukça yüksek olduğu 12 numaralı lokasyon Fevzipaşa yerleşim alanı civarında olup, bu noktada bir nehrin denize aktığı görülmektedir. Bu analizlerde, sucul sedimentlerdeki kirliliğin ana nedenlerinden birinin karadan denize boşalan nehirler olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışma alanlarında organik karbon yüzdesinin (%TOC) özellikle akarsuların denize döküldüğü noktalarda yüksek düzeylerde olduğu görülmektedir. TOC düzeyinin yüksek olması kirliliğin karasal bitki kaynaklı bir kirlilik olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, TOC seviyelerinin yüksek olduğu yerlerde nitrojen seviyeleri nispeten düşüktür (%N: 0,03-0,09). Azot (N) düzeyinin 20 g/kg'ın altında olduğu bölgelerde ötrofikasyonun düşük olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ancak çökeltilerdeki yüksek karbon konsantrasyonları, karbon maddelerinin biyolojik parçalanmasının yavaş olduğunu göstermektedir. Burada bulunan kirliliklerin önlenmesi için tarımsal faaliyetlerde kullanılan gübre ve spreylerin içeriklerinin analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca gübreleme ve ilaçlama öncesinde tarım arazilerinde analizlerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Endüstriyel atıklar ileri arıtma tesislerinde arıtıldıktan sonra denize deşarj edilmeli, deniz taşımacılığında gemilerin atıklarını denize boşaltması engellenmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toprak
• Kirlilik
• TOK
• OK
• IK
• Marmara Denizi

Kaynakça

1. Abrahim G.M.S. ve Parker R.J., (2008). “Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Aukland, New Zealand”, Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 136, pp. 227–238,
2. Ahmed, M.K., Shaheen, N., Islam, M.S., Habibullah-al-Mamun, M.d., Islam, S., Mohiduzzaman, M.d., Bhattacharjee, L. (2015). “Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh”. Chemosphere 128, 284–292.
3. Alaş, A, Çil, O.H.Ş. (2002). “Examination of water quality parameters in some sources providing drinking water to Aksaray province”. Ecology, 11, 40-44.
4. Albut, G., (2014). “Evolution of heavy metal and organic pollution in Gemlik Bay sediments over time", Master's Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, İstanbul, pp. 118,
5. Alcorlo, P., Otero, M., Crehuet, M., Baltanas, A., Montes, C. (2006). “The use of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard) as indicator of the bioavailability of heavy metals in environmental monitoring in the River Guadiamar (SW, Spain)”. Science of the Total Environment. 366, 380-390.
6. Algan, O., Balkıs, N., Çağatay, M. N. and Sarı E., (2004) “The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey”, Environmental Geology, vol. 46, no. 6-7, pp. 932-950,.
7. Aksu A.E., Yaşar, D. and Uslu, O., (1997). “Assessment of marine pollution in ̇Izmir Bay: Heavy metal and organic compound concentrations in surficial sediments”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences. 387-415.
8. Atmaca, B. and Erdem, D. B. (2016). “Properties of Soils in Some Streambeds in Tekirdag Central District”. Toprak Su Dergisi, 5 (1): 1-7.

9. Azevedo, D. A. (2003). “A preliminary investigation of the polar lipids in recent tropical sediments from aquatic environments at Campos dos Goytacazes”. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 14: 97-106.
10. Blaser, P., Zimmermann, S., Luster, J., Shotyk, W., (2000). “Critical examination of trace element enrichments and depletions in soils: As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Swiss forest soils”. Sci. Total Environ. 249 (1-3), 257–280.
11. Barbieri M., (2016). “The ımportance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation ındex (Igeo) to evaluate the soil contamination”, J Geolog and Geophysics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp.1-4,
12. Bayrak K., Kam E., Yümün, Z.Ü., Önce, M. (2022). “Investigation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Gul of İzmit (Marmara Sea) Altınova Shipyard Region”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 9,4, 1263-1276.
13. Bayram, A., Önsoy H., Akinci G., Bulut V.N., (2011). “Variation of total organic carbon content along the Stream Harsit, Eastern Black Sea Basin, Turkey”, Environ Monit Assess., vol. 182, pp. 85–95,
14. Bruland, K.W., Bertine, K., Koide, M., Goldberg, E.D., (1974) “History of metal pollution in southern California coastal zone”, Environmental Science Technology, vol. 8, pp. 425–432,.
15. Cwqgs, (1996) “Canadian Water Quality Guidelines, Parameter-Specific Background İnformation”. Ottawa:Canadian Council Of Research And Environment Ministers,.
16. Doğanay, E., (2014). “"Evaluation of analysis methods that can be used to monitor our country's waters in terms of physicochemical and chemical parameters according to the EU Water Framework Directive", Specialist Thesis, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Ankara,
17. Dinçer A. R., Yümün S, Önce M, Yümün Z.Ü. (2019). “Investigation of inland pollution using Total Carbon (TC), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Inorganic Carbon (IC), Total Nitrogen (TN) and TOC/TN ratios”. Applıed Ecology And Envıronmental Research.
18. Egemen, Ö., (2006) Water Quality. Ege University Publications İzmir.
19. Fil, B. A., Gündüz, Z., Güngör, A., Korkmaz, M., Uzuner, S., Sertkaya, S., Süzen, Y., Çalgan E., (2018). “Environmental Engineering Laboratory Experiment Sheet 2 “, Balıkesir University.
20. Gargouri, D., Azri, C., Sebaji, M. M., Jedoui, Y.and Montacer, M., (2011). “Heavy metal concentrations in the surface marine sediments of Sfax Coast, Tunisia, Environment Monitoring Assessment, vol. 175, pp. 519-530,.
21. Hakanson, L., (1980). “An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach”, Water Research, vol. 14, no. 8, 975.
22. Herut, B.and Sandler, A., (2006). “Normalization methods for pollutants in marine sediments: review and recommendations for the Mediterranean”, New York: UNEP/MAP, vol. 23,
23. Irizuki, T., Ito, H., Sako, M., Yoshioka, K., Kawano, S., Nomura, R., Tanak, Y. (2015). “Anthropogenic impacts on meiobenthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) in themoderately polluted Kasado Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan, over the past 70years”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 91: 149-159.
24. Kahlon, S.K., Sharma, G., Julka, J.M., Kumar, A., Sharma, S., Stadler, F.J., (2018). “Impact of heavy metals and nanoparticles on aquatic biota”. Environ. Chem. Lett. 16 (3), 919–946.
25. Khan, S.R., Sharma, B., Chawla, P.A. (2022). “Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): a Powerful Analytical Technique for Elemental Analysis”. Food Anal. Methods 15, 666–688
26. Kam, E., Yümün Z.,Ü. (2021). “Geographical distribution of toxic elements in Northeast Marmara Sea sediments and analysis of toxic element pollution by various pollution index methods (Istanbul/Turkey)”. Applıed Ecology And Envıronmental Research 19 (3), 1869-1893.
27. Kam, E., Önce, M., (2016). "Pollution Potential of Heavy Metals in The Current Sea Sediments Between Bandirma (Balikesir) and Lapseki (Çanakkale) in the Marmara Sea". Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 1 (3) : 141-148.
28. Kam, E., Yümün, Z. Ü., Açıkgöz, G., Önce, M. (2021). “Investigation of Sediment Records of Kulakçayiri Lake (Istanbul)”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 6 (3) : 135-142.
29. Lallier-Verges, E., Perrussel, B. P., Disnar, J. R., Baltzer, F. (1998). “Relationships Between Environmental Conditions and The Diagenetic Evolution of Organic Matter Derived from Higher Plants İn A Modern Mangrove Swamp System (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)”. Organic Geochemistry 29(5-7): 1663-1686.
30. Ma X., Zuo H., Tian M., Zhang L., Meng J., Zhou X., Min N., Chang X., Liu Y. (2016). “Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques”. Chemosphere. 144, 264-272.
31. Meng, Zuwei Wanga, Beibei Hua, Zhongliang Wang, Hongyuan Li, Robbin Cole Goodmand.(2016). “Heavy metals in soil and plants after long-term sewage irrigation at Tianjin China: A case study assessment Weiqing”. Agricultural Water Management. 171, 153–161.
32. Metcalf and Eddy, (2003). “Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse”, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
33. Muhammad, S., Shah, M.T., Khan, S., (2011). “Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan”. Microchem. J. 98 (2), 334–343.
34. Önce, M., Balnan, İ., Kam, N. (2021). “Determination of Heavy Metal Distribution of Yenikapı (Istanbul) Sea Sediments Using Libs Method” European Journal of Science and Technology, 60-64 .
35. Paramasivam, K., Ramasamy, V., Suresh, G., (2015). “Impact of sediment characteristics on the heavy metal concentration and their ecological risk level of surface sediments of Vaigai river, Tamilnadu, India”. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 137, 397–407.
36. Park, J.and Presley, B. J., (1997). “Trace metal contamination of sediments and organisms from the Swan Lake area of Galveston Bay”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 98, pp. 209-221,
37. Pekey, H., Karaka, D., Ayberk, S., Tolun, L., Lu, M.B., (2004). Ecological risk assessment using trace elements from surface sediments of Izmit Bay (Northeastern Marmara Sea) Turkey. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48, 946-953.
38. Salomons, W., and Stigliani, W.M. (Editors). 1995. “Biodynamics of pollutants in soils and sediments: risk assessment of delayed and non-linear responses”. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
39. Sarkar, A., Das, S., Srivastava, V., Singh, P., Singh, R.P., (2018). “Effect of wastewater irrigation on crop health in the Indian agricultural scenario. In: Emerging Trends of Plant Physiology for Sustainable Crop Production”. Apple Academic Press, pp. 357–371.
40. Sarı, E., (2008). “Sources and distribution of heavy metals in river sediments from the Southern Drainage Basin of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey”, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 12a,
41. Schiff K.C. ve Weisberg S.B. (1999). “Iron as a reference element for determining trace metal enrichment in Southern California costal shelf sediments”, Marine Environmental Research, vol. 48, pp. 161-176.
42. Shafie N. A., Aris A. Z., Zakaria M. P., Haris H., Lim W. Y. And Isa N. M., (2013). “Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 182-190,
43. Srivastava, V., Gupta, S.K., Singh, P., Sharma, B., Singh, R.P., (2018). “Biochemical, physiological, and yield responses of lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown on varying ratios of municipal solid waste vermicompost”. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste in Agricult. 7 (3), 241–250.
44. Sungur, A., Özcan, H., (2015). “Chemometric and geochemical study of the heavy metal accumulation in the soils of a salt marsh area (Kavak Delta, NW Turkey)”. J. Soils Sediments 15 (2), 323–331.
45. Türkmen, A., Türkmen, M., Tepe, Y., Mazlum, Y., Oymael, S. (2006). “Heavy metal levels in Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) and Mullet (Mugil cephalus) in İskenderun Bay (North Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey)”. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77: 186-193.
46. Türkmen, A. And Akbulut, S. (2015).”Heavy Metal Pollution in Water and Sediment From Disembogue Points of Some Creeks along Giresun Coast”. Turkish Journal Of Agriculture - Food Science And Technology, 3(9): 707-714,
47. Valdés, J., Guinez, M., Castillo, A., Vega, S.E., (2014). “Cu, Pb, and Zn content in sediments and benthic organisms from San Jorge Bay (northern Chile): accumulation and biotransference in subtidal coastal systems”. Cienc. Marinas 40 (1), 45–58.
48. Yanguang, Dou, Jun Li, Jingtao Zhao, Bangqi Hu, Shouye Yang. (2013). “Distribution, enrichment and source of heavy metals in surface sediments of the eastern Beibu Bay, South China Sea”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 67,1–2, 137-145.
49. Yümün, Z.Ü. (2016). “The effects of heavy metal concentrations in the Çanakkale strait (Turkey): morphological differences in the Holocene foraminiferal assemblages”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences. 1,2, 77-88.
50. Yümün, Z.Ü., Kam, E., Önce, M., Açıkgöz, G. (2016). “Stratigraphic and Geochemical Characteristics of Kulakçayiri Lake (Istanbul/Turkey) And Its Vicinity”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences. 1,2, 69-75.
51. Yümün, Z. Ü. (2017). “The Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Foraminifera in the Western Marmara Sea (Turkey)”. Journal of African Earth Science 129: 346-365.
52. Yümün, Z. Ü., Önce, M. (2017). “Monitoring Heavy Metal Pollution in Foraminifera from The Gulf of Edremit (Northeaster Aegean Sea) Between İzmir, Balikesir And Canakkale (Turkey)”. Journal of African Earth Sciences 130: 110-124.
53. Yümün, Z. Ü., Kam, E., Önce, M, (2019). “Analysis of Toxic Element with Icp-Oes and Libs Methods in Marine Sediments Around the Sea of Marmara in Kapidağ Peninsula”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 4 (1) : 43-50.
54. Yümün, Z. Ü. And Kam, E. (2019). “Ecological analysis of heavy metal and radioactivity potential of Holocene sediments in Iznik Lake”. Nukleonika, 64(3):103109.
55. Yümün, Z.Ü. and Kam, E. (2019). “Analysis and Correlatıon of Element Concentratıons of Marine Sediments between Silivri (İstanbul) and Dardanelles by ICP-OES and LIBS Methods”. Journal of Europe Science and Technology. 17, 951-958.
56. Yümün, Z.Ü., Kam, E., Dinçer, A.R., Önce, M. Yümün, S. (2021). “The investigation of toxic element pollution and radioactivity analyses of marine sediments in the Gulf of Gemlik”. Applıed Ecology And Envıronmental Research 19(2):881-900.
57. Yümün, Z.Ü. and Kam, E. (2021). “Mucilage Problem and Solution Methods in The Sea Of Marmara. 163. Ecology of the Marmara Sea: Formation and Interactions of Marine Mucilage, and Recommendations for Solutions”. Turkish Academy of Science.
58. Yümün, Z.Ü., Aslıyüksek, H., Yentür, M., M., Önce, M. (2022). “Measurement of Heavy Metal Concentrations of Marine Sediments in Yalova Section of Marmara Sea By LIBS Method and Evaluation of Pollution By Principal Component Analysis.” Journal of Cihannuma Technology Engineering and Natural Sciences Academy.1(1), 101- 117.
59. Yümün, Z.Ü. and Önce-Nişancioğlu, M. (2023). “The role of organic and inorganic substances in sediment pollution in the Marmara Sea between Gemlik (Bursa) and Bandırma (Balıkesir) and their effect on foraminifera”. Applıed Ecology And Envıronmental Research 21(4):3363-3390.
60. Yümün, Z.,Ü, Kam, E., Önce, M. (2023). “Causes of Sea Saliva (Mucilage) Formation in the Sea of Marmara and Precautions to be Taken”. Journal of Environment City and Climate, 2(3), 98-115.
61. Zaynab, M, Al-Yahyai, R, Ameen A, Sharif Y, Ali L, Mahpara F, Khan K, A, Shuangfei Li. (2022). Health and environmental effects of heavy metals.. Journal of King Saud University – Science.1-8.