Selenium and Its Effects on Depression

Abstract

Daily intake of adequate doses is required to maintain health, prevent disease and slow down the aging process. Selenium; redox homeostasis, thyroid hormone metabolism, affecting the oxidative stress and inflammation protects the trace element with a wide area of pleiotropic effect. Selenium is vital for humans, but is a toxic element, depending on dose and specification.6 As with many other foods, the biological response to selenium depends on the sex, the nucleotide polymorphisms in the selenoprotein genes, the present state of the individual, the age of the individual and the presence of the disease. The active particle of selenium is selenocystein. Nutritional functions of selenium in humans are provided by selenoproteins, including selenocysteine. Knowing the role of selenoproteins in metabolism helps explain the consequences of selenium on human health. Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) is the main selenoprotein found in most tissues in animals. Among the antioxidant defense theories, selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx) are thought to play an important role. The biosynthesis of selenoproteins depends on the presence of the essential trace element selenium. Thus, adequate intake of selenium is important for the preservation of brain function. Selenium deficiency may reveal many pathophysiological conditions including heart and neuromuscular disorders. While there is sufficient treatment for depression, a significant number of individuals still do not achieve improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate modifiable risk factors and methods to prevent depression. Although the neuroprotective effect of selenium has not yet been clearly defined, the protective role of selenium in mood disorders may be related to the important effect of antioxidant defense. This review was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium on depression and other types of depression.

Keywords

• Selenium
• Depression
• Oxidative stress

Selenyum ve Selenyumun Depresyon Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Sağlığı korumak, hastalığı önlemek ve yaşlanma sürecini yavaşlatmak için yeterli dozlarda günlük Selenyum alımı gerekmektedir. Selenyum; redoks homeostazını, tiroid hormon metabolizmasını etkileyen, oksidatif stres ve inflamasyondan koruyan geniş bir pleiotropik etki alanına sahip eser elementtir. İnsanlar için hayati öneme sahip olmakla birlikte, doz ve spesifikasyona bağlı olarak toksik olabilecek bir elementtir. Diğer birçok besinde de olduğu gibi, selenyuma verilen biyolojik yanıtın cinsiyete, selenoprotein genlerindeki nükleotid polimorfizmlerine, bireydeki mevcut Se durumuna, bireyin yaşına ve hastalığın varlığına bağlı olduğu düşünülmelidir. Selenyumun aktif parçacığı selenosisteinlerdir. İnsanlarda selenyumun beslenme kaynaklı fonksiyonlar, selenosistein bulunduran, selenoproteinler ile sağlanır. Selenoproteinlerin metabolizmadaki rolünün bilinmesi, selenyumun insan sağlığı üzerindeki sonuçlarını açıklamaya yardımcı olur. Glutatyon peroksidaz hayvanlardaki çoğu dokuda bulunan ana selenoproteindir. Antioksidan savunma teorileri arasında glutatyon peroksidazlar gibi selenoproteinlerin önemli bir rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Selenoproteinlerin biyosentezi, temel eser element selenyumunun mevcudiyetine bağlıdır. Böylece, selenyumun yeterli alımı, beyin fonksiyonunun korunması için önemlidir. Selenyum eksikliği, kalp ve nöromüsküler bozukluklar dahil olmak üzere birçok patofizyolojik durumu ortaya çıkarabilir. Depresyon için yeterli tedavi seçeneği varken bireylerin önemli bir kısmı hala iyileşme sağlayamamaktadır. Bu nedenle, değiştirilebilir risk faktörlerini ve depresyon önleyici etkili yöntemleri araştırmak gerekmektedir. Selenyumun nöroprotektif etkisi henüz kesin olarak tanımlanmamasına rağmen, selenyumun duygu durum bozukluğundaki koruyucu rolü antioksidan savunmadaki önemli etkisiyle ilişkili olabilir. Bu derleme selenyumun depresyon ve diğer depresyon çeşitleri üzerine etkisini inceleme amacıyla yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Selenyum
• Depresyon
• Oksidatif Stres

Kaynakça

1. Akyıldz, B., Kendirci, M., Muhtaroglu, S., Aydin, S., Yilmaz, I., & Ozsoylu, S. (2014). Evaluation of vitamin e, selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with disseminated ıntravascular coagulation. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi, 15(4), 169.
2. Andersen, L. B., Arnberg, K., Trolle, E., Michaelsen, K. F., Bro, R., Pipper, C. B., & Mølgaard, C. (2016). The effects of water and dairy drinks on dietary patterns in overweight adolescents. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 67(3), 314-324.
3. Ardüser, F., Wolffram, S., Scharrer, E., & Schneider, B. (1986). Transport of selenate and selenite across the brush border membrane of rat and sheep small intestine. Biological Trace Element Research, 9(4), 281-290.
4. Ashton, K., Hooper, L., Harvey, L. J., Hurst, R., Casgrain, A., & Fairweather-Tait, S. J. (2009). Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: a systematic review. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(6), 2025S-2039S.
5. Bal, C., Büyükşekerci, M., Ercan, M., Hocaoğlu, A., Çelik, H. T., Abuşoğlu, S., ... & Yılmaz, Ö. H. (2015). Effect of different selenium levels on thyroid hormone synthesis. Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology, 72(4), 311-316.
6. Bartelt, S., Timm, M., Damsgaard, C. T., Hansen, E. W., Hansen, H. S., & Lauritzen, L. (2008). The effect of dietary fish oil-supplementation to healthy young men on oxidative burst measured by whole blood chemiluminescence. British journal of nutrition, 99(6), 1230-1238.
7. Berk, M., Ng, F., Dean, O., Dodd, S., & Bush, A. I. (2008). Glutathione: a novel treatment target in psychiatry. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 29(7), 346-351.
8. Brown, K. M., & Arthur, J. R. (2001). Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review. Public health nutrition, 4(2b), 593-599.

9. Cardoso, B. R., Apolinário, D., da Silva Bandeira, V., Busse, A. L., Magaldi, R. M., Jacob-Filho, W., & Cozzolino, S. M. F. (2016). Effects of Brazil nut consumption on selenium status and cognitive performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled pilot trial. European journal of nutrition, 55(1), 107-116.
10. Chiang, E. C., Shen, S., Kengeri, S. S., Xu, H., Combs Jr, G. F., Morris, J. S., ... & Waters, D. J. (2010). Defining the optimal selenium dose for prostate cancer risk reduction: insights from the U-shaped relationship between selenium status, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Dose-response, 8(3), 285-300.
11. Demirgül, F., Sağdıç, O. (2018). Fermente süt ürünlerinin insan sağlığına etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (13) , 45-53.
12. Dias, A., Azariah, F., Anderson, S. J., Sequeira, M., Cohen, A., Morse, J., ... & Reynolds, C. F. (2019). Preventing major depression in older adults living in low-and middle-income countries: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(1), 13-20.
13. Dinh, Q. T., Cui, Z., Huang, J., Tran, T. A. T., Wang, D., Yang, W., ... & Liang, D. (2018). Selenium distribution in the Chinese environment and its relationship with human health: a review. Environment international, 112, 294-309.
14. Egan, S. K., Tao, S. H., Pennington, J. A. T., & Bolger, P. M. (2002). US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: intake of nutritional and toxic elements, 1991–96. Food Additives & Contaminants, 19(2), 103-125.
15. Fairweather-Tait, S. J., Bao, Y., Broadley, M. R., Collings, R., Ford, D., Hesketh, J. E., & Hurst, R. (2011). Selenium in human health and disease. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 14(7), 1337-1383.
16. Fisinin, V. I., Papazyan, T. T., & Surai, P. F. (2009). Producing selenium-enriched eggs and meat to improve the selenium status of the general population. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 29(1), 18-28.
17. Giovannini, S., Onder, G., Lattanzio, F., Bustacchini, S., Di Stefano, G., Moresi, R., ... & Landi, F. (2018). Selenium concentrations and mortality among community-dwelling older adults: results from IlSIRENTE study. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 22(5), 608-612.
18. Kilinc, M., et al. , "Evaluation of serum selenium levels in Turkish women with gestational diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerants, and normal controls.". Biological trace element research, (2008). 123(1-3): 35-40.
19. Kipp, A. P., Strohm, D., Brigelius-Flohé, R., Schomburg, L., Bechthold, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., & Heseker, H. (2015). Revised reference values for selenium intake. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 32, 195-199.
20. Kohrle, J., Jakob, F., Contempré, B., & Dumont, J. E. (2005). Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system. Endocrine reviews, 26(7), 944-984.
21. Koller, L. D., & Exon, J. H. (1986). The two faces of selenium-deficiency and toxicity--are similar in animals and man. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 50(3), 297.
22. Kurstjens, S., & Wolke, D. (2001). Effects of maternal depression on cognitive development of children over the first 7 years of life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(5), 623-636.
23. Lee, S. Y., Lee, S. J., Han, C., Patkar, A. A., Masand, P. S., & Pae, C. U. (2013). Oxidative/nitrosative stress and antidepressants: targets for novel antidepressants. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 46, 224-235.
24. Liu, X., Yan, Y., Li, F., & Zhang, D. (2016). Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis. Nutrition, 32(3), 296-302.
25. Mathers, C. D., & Loncar, D. (2006). Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS medicine, 3(11), 442.
26. Miller, B. J., Murray, L., Beckmann, M. M., Kent, T., & Macfarlane, B. (2013). Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10).
27. Mokhber, N., Namjoo, M., Tara, F., Boskabadi, H., Rayman, M. P., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., ... & Shakeri, M. T. (2011). Effect of supplementation with selenium on postpartum depression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24(1), 104-108.
28. Monsen, E. R. (2000). Dietary reference intakes for the antioxidant nutrients: vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 100(6), 637.
29. Nazemi, L., Nazmara, S., Eshraghyan, M. R., Nasseri, S., Djafarian, K., Yunesian, M., ... & Shahtaheri, S. J. (2012). Selenium status in soil, water and essential crops of Iran. Iranian journal of environmental health science & engineering, 9(1), 11.
30. Özenç, S., Saldir, M., Sarı, E., Çetinkaya, S., Yeşilkaya, Ş., Babacan, O., ... & Yesilkaya, E. (2015). Selenium, zinc, and copper levels and their relation with HbA1c status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 35(4), 514-518.
31. Pasco, J. A., Jacka, F. N., Williams, L. J., Evans-Cleverdon, M., Brennan, S. L., Kotowicz, M. A., ... & Berk, M. (2012). Dietary selenium and major depression: a nested case-control study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 20(3), 119-123.
32. Peters, K. M., Galinn, S. E., & Tsuji, P. A. (2016). Selenium: Dietary sources, human nutritional requirements and intake across populations. In Selenium, 295-305.
33. Rayman, M. P. (2012). Selenium and human health. The Lancet, 379(9822), 1256-1268.
34. Rayman, M. P. (2000). The importance of selenium to human health. The lancet, 356(9225), 233-241.
35. Rebar, A. L., Stanton, R., Geard, D., Short, C., Duncan, M. J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health psychology review, 9(3), 366-378.
36. Roman, M., Jitaru, P., & Barbante, C. (2014). Selenium biochemistry and its role for human health. Metallomics, 6(1), 25-54.
37. Roy, M., Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L., Wishe, H. I., Cohen, M. W., & Stotzky, G. (1993). Selenium supplementation enhances the expression of interleukin 2 receptor subunits and internalization of interleukin 2. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 202(3), 295-301.
38. Seale, L. A., Ha, H. Y., Hashimoto, A. C., & Berry, M. J. (2018). Relationship between selenoprotein P and selenocysteine lyase: Insights into selenium metabolism. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 127, 182-189.
39. Shor-Posner, G., Lecusay, R., Miguez, M. J., Moreno-Black, G., Zhang, G., Rodriguez, N., ... & Wilkie, F. (2003). Psychological burden in the era of HAART: impact of selenium therapy. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 33(1), 55-69.
40. Skröder, H. M., Hamadani, J. D., Tofail, F., Persson, L. Å., Vahter, M. E., & Kippler, M. J. (2015). Selenium status in pregnancy influences children's cognitive function at 1.5 years of age. Clinical Nutrition, 34(5), 923-930.
41. Smith, A. M., & Picciano, M. F. (1986). Evidence for increased selenium requirement for the rat during pregnancy and lactation. The Journal of nutrition, 116(6), 1068-1079.
42. Solovyev, N., Drobyshev, E., Bjørklund, G., Dubrovskii, Y., Lysiuk, R., & Rayman, M. P. (2018). Selenium, selenoprotein P, and Alzheimer's disease: is there a link?. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 127, 124-133.
43. Sonet, J., Bierla, K., Bulteau, A. L., Lobinski, R., & Chavatte, L. (2018). Comparison of analytical methods using enzymatic activity, immunoaffinity and selenium-specific mass spectrometric detection for the quantitation of glutathione peroxidase 1. Analytica chimica acta, 1011, 11-19.
44. Sun, H., & Feng, B. (2011). Speciation of organic and inorganic selenium in selenium-enriched eggs by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 4(2), 240-244.
45. Spiller, H. A., & Pfiefer, E. (2007). Two fatal cases of selenium toxicity. Forensic science international, 171(1), 67-72.
46. Sunde, R. A., Zemaitis, E. T., Blink, A. B., & Lawinger, J. A. (2018). Impact of glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) genotype on selenoenzyme and transcript expression when repleting selenium-deficient mice. Biological trace element research, 186(1), 174-184.
47. Suwazono, Y., Dochi, M., Sakata, K., Okubo, Y., Oishi, M., Tanaka, K., ... & Nogawa, K. (2008). A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity, 16(8), 1887-1893.
48. Tara, F., Maamouri, G., Rayman, M. P., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Sahebkar, A., Yazarlu, O., ... & Boskabadi, H. (2010). Selenium supplementation and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant Iranian women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 49(2), 181-187.
49. Tsuji, P. A., Davis, C. D., & Milner, J. A. (2011). Selenium: Dietary sources and human requirements. In Selenium (pp. 517-529). Springer, New York, NY.
50. TÜBER. Bakanlığı, T. S. (2016). Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi TÜBER 2015. Ankara: TC Sağlık Bakanlığı.
51. Vinceti, M., Filippini, T., Cilloni, S., Bargellini, A., Vergoni, A. V., Tsatsakis, A., & Ferrante, M. (2017). Health risk assessment of environmental selenium: Emerging evidence and challenges. Molecular medicine reports, 15(5), 3323-3335.
52. Werner, E., Miller, M., Osborne, L. M., Kuzava, S., & Monk, C. (2015). Preventing postpartum depression: review and recommendations. Archives of women's mental health, 18(1), 41-60.