Spherical Hybrid Beads Based on Polysaccharide incorpareted with Pearlite as a Potential Adsorbent

Abstract

In this study, spherical hybrid beads based on polysaccharides incorporated with pearlite, which can be a potential adsorbent, were prepared by using instant gelation methods. Kappa (κ-car) and ioda (-car) carrageenan were used as a second biopolymer to vary the functional groups of hybrid beads. Particle size and its stability is a very important factor for many applications. The effect of the molecular weight and concentration of the alginate, the ratio of keragen and perlite, to the particle size of hybrid beads and stability were investigated. Hybrid beads have been characterized by physical properties such as appearance, diameter and swelling degree as their structures and morphology were confirmed by Fourier Transform lnfrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It was observed that hybrid beads that were prepared by using high molecular weight alginate and its 2%,(w/v) gel solution retains its spherical shape. It was observed that both types of carrageenan ratio in the hybrid beads structure up to 20% (wt) at the 2% (wt) constant jel concentration were not deformed spherical shape of beads while pearlite caused lose their spherical shape at the dry state. Heavy metal removal efficiency of hybrid gel beads was investigated for aqueous copper solution and was found to be 77.1 % for hybrid beads incorporated pearlite (10%, wt) at the 10 ppm initial concentration of the copper solution.

Keywords

• Hybrid beads
• Polysaccharide
• Pearlite
• Heavy metal

Potansiyel Bir Adsorban Olarak Perlit İçeren Polisakkarit Esaslı Küresel Hibrit Tanecikler

Öz

Bu çalışmada, potansiyel bir adsorban olarak kullanılabilecek, sodyum aljinat esaslı, perlit içeren küresel hibrit tanecikler ani jelleşme metodu ile hazırlanmıştır. Aljinat gibi bir polisakkarit olan kerajenin kappa kerajen ve ioda kerajen olmak üzere iki farklı türü ikinci bir biyopolimer olarak kullanılmış ve küresel hibrit taneciklerin fonksiyonel gruplarını çeşitlendirilmiştir. Pek çok uygulama için çok önemli bir faktör olan tanecik boyutu ve kararlılığına kullanılan aljinatın molekül ağırlığının, jel çözelti konsantrasyonunun, kullanılan, kerajen ve perlit oranının etkisi incelenmiştir. Hazırlanan hibrit taneciklerin şekilleri, ıslak ve kuru taneciklerin çapları ve şişme dereceleri belirlenerek fiziksel, Fourier Transform lnfrared (FTIR) spektroskopi kullanılarak yapısal ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) kullanılarak morfolojik karakterizasyonu yapılmıştır. Sodyum aljinat biyopolimerinin molekül ağırlığının ve çözeltideki konsantrasyonunun kombinasyonu, elastikiyetin ve dolayısıyla nihai ürünün şeklinin belirlenmesinde kritik öneme sahiptir. Yüksek molekül ağırlıklı ve % 2 (w/v) lik sodyum aljinat jel konsantrasyonunda jel çözeltisi kullanılarak hazırlanan hibrit taneciklerin hem ıslak halde hem de kuruduktan sonra küresel yapı ve şekil kararlılığını koruduğu gözlenirken; aynı konsantrasyonda düşük molekül ağırlıklı sodyum alginat jel çözeltisinden elde edilen taneciklerin küresellikten uzak ve şekil kararlılığını koruyamadığı görülmüştür. %2 (w/v) jel konsantrasyonunun sabit tutulmasıyla kerajenin her iki türünün %20 (ağ.)’e kadar yapıya girmesinin küreselliği bozmadığı görülmüştür. Benzer şekilde aljinat jel çözeltisine % 20 (ağ.) oranına kadar katılan perlitin hibrit taneciklerin ıslakken küreselliklerini bozmadığı ancak kuru halde küreselliklerini kaybetmelerine neden olduğu görülmüştür. Hazırlanan hibrit tanecikler ile ağır metal olarak seçilen bakırın 10, 20 ve 30 ppm başlangıç konsantrasyonlarındaki sulu çözeltilerinden giderim etkinliği araştırılmış ve yapısında %10 (ağ.) perlit içeren hibrit taneciklerin 10 ppm başlangıç konsantrasyonunda bakırı %77,1 oranında giderebildiği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hibrit tanecikler
• Polisakkarit
• Perlit
• Ağır metal

Kaynakça

1. Bessbousse, H., Rhlalou, T., Verchere, J.F. ve Lebrun, L. (2008). Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by filtration with a novel complexing membrane containing poly(ethyleneimine) in a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix. Journal of Membrane Science, 307, 249–259.
2. Balladares, E., Jerez, O., Parad, F., Baltierrac, L., Hernández, C., Araneda, E. ve Parra, V. (2018). Neutralization and co-precipitation of heavy metals by lime addition to effluent from acid plant in a copper smelter. Mineral Engineering, 122,112-129.
3. Caballero F., Foradada M., Minarro M., Pérez-Lozano P., García-Montoya E., Ticó J.R. ve Suné-Negre J.M. (2014). Characterization of alginate beads loaded with ibuprofen lysine saltand optimization of the preparation method. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 460, 181-188.
4. Campo, L.V., Kawano F.D., Da Silva B.D. ve Carvalho I. (2009). Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis – A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77, 167-180.
5. Dias, A.M.G.C., Hussain, A., Marcos, A.S. ve Roque, A.C.A. (2011). A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide magnetic colloids modified with polysaccharides. Biotechnology Advances, 29, 142– 155.
6. Ibrahim, Y., Abdulkarem, E., Naddeo V., Banat, F. ve Hasa, S.W. (2019). Synthesis of super hydrophilic cellulose-alpha zirconium phosphate ionexchange membrane via surface coating for the removal of heavy metalsfrom wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 690,167-180.
7. Fouda, M.M.G., El-Aassar, M.R., El Fawal, G.F., Hafez, E.E., Masry, S.H.D ve Abdel-Megeed, A.(2015). k-Carrageenan/poly vinyl pyrollidone/polyethylene glycol/silvernanoparticles film for biomedical application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 74, 179–184. Gotoh, T., Matsushima, K. ve Kikuchi, K. (2004). Preparation of alginate–chitosan hybrid gel beads and adsorption of divalent metal ions. Chemosphere, 55, 135–140.
8. Klaassen, R., Ferona, P.H.M. ve Jansen, E. (2005).Membrane contactors in industrial applications, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 83(A3), 234–246.

9. Keppeler S., Ellis A. ve Jacquier J.C. (2009). Cross-linked carrageenan beads for controlled release delivery systems.Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 973-977.
10. Li, L., Fang Y., Vreeker R. ve Appelqvist I. (2007). Reexamining the Egg-Box Model in Calcium-Alginate Gels with X-ray Diffractio. Biomacromolecules, 8, 464-468.
11. Lee,K.Y. ve Mooney, D.J (2012). Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci. 2012, 37(1), 106–126.
12. Popa, E.G., Gomes, M.E. ve Reis, R.L. (2011). Cell delivery systems using alginate--carrageenan hydrogel beads and fibers for regenerative medicine applications. Biomacromolecules, 11, 3952-3961.
13. Renu B., Agarwal, M. ve Singh, K. (2017). Heavy metal removal from wastewater using various adsorbents: a review. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(4), 387–419.
14. Rinaudo, M. (2008). Review: Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. Society of Chemical Industry: Polymer International, 57, 397–430.
15. Roulia, M.,Chassapis, K., Fotinopoulos, C.H., Savvidis, T.H. & Katakis D. (2003).Dispersion and sorption of oil spills by emulsifier-modified expanded perlite, Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, 8, 425–431.
16. Roulia M. ve Vassiliadis A. (200). Sorption characterization of a cationic dye retained by clays and perlite, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 116, 732–740
17. Sarısakal, İ. (2017). Alginat esaslı hibrit taneciklerle ağır metal giderimi. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 78 sayfa.
18. Wadhawana, S., Jaina, A., Nayyara, J. ve Mehta, S.K. (2020). Role of nanomaterials as adsorbents in heavy metal ion removal from waste water: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 33, 1-17.
19. Yu, F., Cui, T.,Yang, C., Dai, X. ve Ma J. (2019). κ-Carrageenan/Sodium alginate double-network hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties, anti-swelling, and adsorption capacity. Chemosphere, 237, 124417.
20. Wang, J. ve Chen, C. (2009). Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnology Advances, 27, 195-226.
21. Zang, J., Wang Q. ve Wang A. (2010). In situ generation of sodium alginate/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite beads as drug controlled release matrices. Acta Biomaterialia, 6, 445-454.