Characterization of Graphene Oxide and Sea Shell Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride Hybrid Composites

Abstract

Among the graphene derivatives, especially graphene oxide (GO); It is a widely used filler for composite applications due to its easy synthesis, large surface area and antibacterial properties. Sea shell wastes are rich resources which consist of more than 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and organic materials which could be produced 1-5% harmful gases to the environment and human health. In this study, it was aimed to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hybrid composites in order to utility from the excellent properties of GO and to recycle sea shell wastes and to characterize their structural properties. For this purpose, the hybrid composites containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% of milled sea shell powders (DK) and 0.1 wt.% of GO filled were fabricated by colloidal blending method. In the XRF analysis of DK, it was determined that the highest oxide content was calcium oxide (CaO) 98.53 wt.%. According to XRD analysis, hybrid composites with low DK content (5 wt.% -10 wt.%) showed similar results with interlayer distance, crystallite size and micro strain values of PVC-GO composite. XRD patterns of the hybrid composites with high DK content (15 wt.% and 20 wt.%) showed that graphene peak was not observed except calcite and aragonite phase peaks. As a result, the high DK content caused to exfoliate of graphene in the PVC matrix successfully. DK and GO acted as nucleation centers at 20 wt.% DK content and therefore PVC-GO/DK20% hybrid composite had the highest crystal size and the lowest micro-stress values. FTIR analysis results confirmed that aragonite was the dominant crystal form in the hybrid composites. SEM and EDX analyzes had presented homogeneous distributions of DK and GO in polymer matrix and smooth surface images of hybrid composites.

Keywords

• Hybrid composite
• Graphene oxide
• Characterization
• PVC
• Sea shell

Grafen Oksit ve Deniz Kabuğu Takviyeli Polivinil Klorür Hibrit Kompozitlerin Karakterizasyonu

Öz

Grafen türevleri içerisinde özellikle grafen oksit (GO); kolay sentezi, geniş yüzey alanı ve antibakteriyel özellikleri nedeniyle kompozit uygulamaları için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir dolgu maddesidir. Deniz kabuğu atıkları % 95'in üzerinde kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) ve çevreye ve insan sağlığına % 1-5 oranında zararlı gazlar üretebilen organik maddelerden oluşan zengin kaynaklardır. Bu çalışmada hem GO’nun mükemmel özelliklerinden yararlanmak hem de deniz kabuğu atıklarının geri dönüşümünü sağlamak için polivinil klorür (PVC) hibrit kompozitlerin üretilmesi ve yapısal özelliklerinin karakterize edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla ağırlıkça (ağ.) % 5, 10, 15 ve 20 öğütülmüş deniz kabuğu tozları (DK) ve ağ. % 0.1 dolgulu GO içeren hibrit kompozitler, koloidal karıştırma yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. DK’nın XRF analizinde en yüksek oksit içeriğinin ağ. % 98.53 oranında CaO’ den oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. XRD analizinde düşük DK içeriğinde (ağ. %5-%10) hibrit kompozitlerin, tabakalar arası mesafe, kristal boyut ve mikro gerilme değerleri PVC-GO kompoziti ile benzer sonuçlar göstermiştir. Yüksek DK içerikli (ağ. % 15 ve % 20) hibrit kompozitlerin XRD paternleri, kalsit ve aragonit faz piklerinin dışında grafen pikinin gözlenmediğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, yüksek DK içeriği, grafenin PVC matrisinde başarıyla eksfoliye olmasına sebep olmuştur. %20 DK içeriğinde, DK ve GO’nun çekirdeklenme merkezleri olarak davranması, PVC-GO/DK%20 hibrit kompozitinin en yüksek kristal boyut değerine ve en düşük mikro gerilme değerine sahip olmasına neden olmuştur. FTIR analiz sonuçları, hibrit kompozitlerde baskın kristal formunun aragonit olduğunu doğrulamıştır. SEM ve EDX analizleri, DK ve GO'nun polimer matrisinde homojen dağılımlarını ve hibrit kompozitlerin pürüzsüz yüzey görüntülerini sunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hibrit kompozit
• Grafen oksit
• Karakterizasyon
• PVC
• Deniz kabuğu

Kaynakça

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